Tonsil-About Tonsil:
The tonsil is located at the intersection of the digestive and respiratory tracts, where the mucosa is rich in lymphoid tissue, regular contact with antigen caused by parts of the local immune response. The skin on the oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue clumps. Subcutaneous several groups of lymphoid tissue around the base of the tongue, pharynx, according to their location were known as the palatine tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil and lingual tonsil.
The amygdala - ProfileTonsil tonsil palatine tonsil is a pair of flat oval lymphoid organ, located in the tonsillar fossa. Tonsillar fossa: oropharyngeal lateral wall of the depression in the triangle between the palatopharyngeal arch and palatal lingual arch. Mucosa to the essence of subsidence of the formation of lacunae said tonsil nest. Quilt palate before the next part of the tonsil lingual arch covered the top of the uncovered part of the connective tissue body of the tonsil capsule surrounding the capsule only by loose connective tissue attached to the pharyngeal muscle. Here is often a tonsil abscess formation around the site.Waldeyer ring from the palatine tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil, Eustachian tube tonsil, lingual tonsil.
A pharyngeal tonsil: the mucous membranes in the pharynx dome lymphoid tissue known as the pharyngeal tonsil.Eustachian tube tonsil lymphoid tissue: in the eustachian tube near the pharyngeal opening of mucosa.The lingual tonsil: at the base of the tongue mucosa of many small nodules of lymphoid tissue, mucosal surfaces presents many hummocky uplift, known as tonsil.
The amygdala - morphologyTonsils 1, palatine tonsil oval mucosal side of the surface was covered with stratified squamous epithelium, the epithelium to the lamina propria into the formation of 10 to 30 branches crypt (crypt). A large number of diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodules in the lamina propria of the crypts around. Crypt deep stratified squamous epithelium containing many T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and a small amount of macrophage cells and Langerhans cells, called epithelial infiltration of the Ministry. Intraepithelial capillaries after venules, lymphocytes out of the epithelium of the main channel. Between epithelial cells of the tunnel-like cells between channels, the superficial part of the channel openings in the surface, some channel openings covered with a flat micro-fold cells (microfoldcell, Mcell). T cells in the epithelial gap, these frequent removal and replacement. Plasma cells within the epithelium is often located near a hole in the capillaries, and is conducive to the secretion of antibodies into the bloodstream.The palatine tonsils of children is more developed, contains large amounts of diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymph nodules in the lamina propria, closely related to their number and degree of development of antigen stimulation. B cells in the tonsillar lymphoid tissue accounts for 60% of the total lymphocyte count, T cells accounted for 38.5%, a small amount of K and NK cells. Diffuse lymphoid tissue T cells are more scattered plasma cells, B cells, and some capillary venules. The lymphoid nodules are often more show that the tonsil and the body's humoral immune function is relatively close relationship. Within the lamina propria, there are some small lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes enter the lymphatic via.
Pharyngeal tonsil pharyngeal tonsils, also known as adenoids, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the pharynx posterior wall, surface coating, no recess. The mucous membranes formed some longitudinal folds, many of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria, intraepithelial also common lymphocyte infiltration, the infiltration of the Ministry of the epithelium often becomes stratified squamous epithelium.
Lingual tonsil at the base of the tongue and pharynx anterior wall, the surface coating of stratified squamous epithelium, a shallow recess. Intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration of the Ministry of containing lymph nodules and diffuse lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria, often tongue mucosa nodular uplift to the surface.
The amygdala - the function
Tonsil palatine tonsil, commonly referred to as tonsil refers to the palatine tonsil. Palatine tonsil, right, is located between the tongue and palate arch and pharyngeal palatine arch, oval, the surface of stratified squamous epithelium covered. Within the tonsil epithelium into a 10 to 20 crypts, crypt containing the shedding of epithelial cells. Lymphocytes, and bacteria. Epithelial below and recess around dense lymphoid nodules and diffuse lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes often through the epithelial deposition in the oropharynx. Tonsil capsule is a layer of dense connective tissue, the palatine tonsil and the adjacent organs separated by the barrier function of the spread of infection to prevent the palatine tonsil.
The tonsils produce lymphocytes and antibodies, it has anti-bacterial anti-viral defense. The pharynx is the only way of eating and breathing gas is frequently exposed to more easily hidden germs and foreign matter. Pharyngeal lymphoid tissue and tonsil implementation of this particular region of the body's defensive protection tasks. But here is also vulnerable to the hemolytic streptococcus. Staphylococcus and pneumococcus, wait until the bacteria and invasion and inflammation. These bacteria are normally present in the pharynx and tonsil crypts. Under normal circumstances, the tonsil surface epithelium integrity and mucous glands continue to secrete the bacteria along with the loss of epithelial cells discharged from the crypt mouth, so to maintain the health of the body. When the body leaving the resistance decreased due to reasons such as fatigue, cold, diminished epithelial defense function, lower glandular secretion function, the tonsils suffer from bacterial infection and inflammation. Recurrent tonsillitis and systemic a negative impact, can be considered the tonsils surgically removed.
The amygdala/Tonsil - disease
Tonsil tonsil pharyngeal lymphoid organs, smooth surface of the tonsil and the formation of the nest (crypt).
Tonsillitis generally refers to non-specific inflammation of the palatine tonsil, and can be divided into acute tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis. Acute tonsillitis mostly in the lower body resistance to bacterial infection or virus caused acute onset as the main symptoms, sore throat, accompanied by chills, fever, headache and other symptoms is a common disease of children and adolescents. Chronic tonsillitis is due to recurrent acute tonsillitis caused by, the performance of the throat dry, clogged sense of secretions sticky and difficult to cough, bad breath, its repeated episodes can be induced by other diseases such as chronic nephritis, arthritis, rheumatism heart disease, and therefore subject to active treatment. Patients usually have to exercise to enhance physical fitness, oral hygiene, timely treatment of diseases of the nearby tissue, the diet should be light, do not eat spicy spicy food, refrain from smoking, the disease to other diseases of the induced lesions, or other surgical means levy should be considered when surgery.
Tonsil - resection surgeryTonsil tonsillectomy surgery should be strictly controlled indications, especially children, should pay attention. Important role in protection of the child of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. These organizations will eliminate the arbitrary removal of the local immune response, and even reduce the immunity of the respiratory tract resistance to infection, immune surveillance obstacles. Only those inflammation has shown a reversible lesion and cause the overall organ and tissue lesions in infection of the tonsils, should consider the removal of tonsils.The indications for surgery are:(1) chronic tonsillitis, recurrent acute attacks or multiple concurrent peritonsillar abscess.(2) the tonsil heavy mast, to prevent swallowing, breathing.(3) chronic tonsil lesions caused by the lesions of other organs in the body; significantly associated with acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and acute otitis media and tonsillitis.(4) diphtheria carriers by conservative treatment fails.(5) a variety of tonsil benign tumors, together with the tonsils removed; cases of malignancy should be carefully chosen.
Tonsils (adenoids) is an important immune organ. By antigenic stimulation of T lymphocytes to become effector lymphocytes involved in cellular immunity; B cells into plasma mother cell to produce plasma cells and immunoglobulin involved in humoral immunity. The tonsils produce IgA immunity can inhibit bacterial adhesion, growth and spread of the respiratory mucous membrane in and inhibit the diffusion of the virus; of IgA also enhanced phagocytosis by complement activation, cell function. These are the most active role in the 2 to 5 years old children. Immune point of view, should never be in the pediatric immunization is not fully formed before tonsillectomy.
Tonsillar hypertrophy in children, often is a physiological phenomenon, the growth performance of immunization activities, it may be the performance of an allergic reaction. Children with tonsillar hypertrophy did not affect breathing or swallowing, tonsillectomy should not be OK. But the tonsils if the lesion may become lesions and damage the body. Lesions tonsillitis can cause rheumatism, heart disease or kidney disease. Tonsil has become super-immune organs of the immune organs, from the defensive organs become infected with the invasion of portal and lesions, and early removal of the tonsil surgery.
In children, especially the Child Care tonsil highly proliferative, partial obstruction of the upper respiratory tract, resulting in obstructive apnea during sleep due to the accumulation of long-term lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide, can lead to pulmonary hypertension, can cause the tonsils - cor pulmonale, tonsil - brain syndrome and other diseases, the tonsils should be as soon as possible surgical removal.
The amygdala - are surgical contraindicationsThe following circumstances, the tonsil is best to refrain from surgery(1) attack of acute tonsillitis, is generally not an operation required after the inflammation subsided 3-4 weeks before surgery.(2) blood disease, hypertension, decompensated insufficiency of heart disease, active tuberculosis, etc. unfit for surgery.(3) control of systemic symptoms such as rheumatic fever and nephritis unfit for surgery.(4) is not suitable for surgery. Poliomyelitis and influenza, the women's menstrual period and premenstrual(5) lack of or autoimmune disease with a high incidence of immunoglobulin in the patient's family. White blood cell count less than 3000 or less.(6) only a small number of tonsil inflammation, not necessarily the removal of tonsils.
