Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, Anopheles for vector-borne global acute parasitic infections. Malaria patients every year between 300 million and 500 million suffering from malaria and the number of deaths between 1 million to 3 million, most of them children.
Malaria - Introduction
Malaria is a vector-borne diseases caused by the plasmodium infection by Anopheles bites. Malaria clinical periodic chills, fever, headache, sweating, and anemia, splenomegaly characterized. Children with a high incidence, most popular in summer and autumn. Plasmodium parasites on the body caused by infectious diseases. Infected by the malaria mosquito bites or input with the malaria parasite's blood. Different malaria parasites, respectively, caused by Plasmodium vivax, 30 Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and ovale malaria. The disease mainly manifested as periodic law of attack, body chills, fever, sweating, long-term multiple attack, can cause anemia and splenomegaly. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, the greater incidence in the summer and autumn. All year round in tropical and subtropical regions for the disease, and easy to be popular.
Malaria is a vector-borne diseases caused by the plasmodium infection by Anopheles bites. Malaria clinical periodic chills, fever, headache, sweating, and anemia, splenomegaly characterized. Children with a high incidence, most popular in summer and autumn. Plasmodium parasites on the body caused by infectious diseases. Infected by the malaria mosquito bites or input with the malaria parasite's blood. Different malaria parasites, respectively, caused by Plasmodium vivax, 30 Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and ovale malaria. The disease mainly manifested as periodic law of attack, body chills, fever, sweating, long-term multiple attack, can cause anemia and splenomegaly. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, the greater incidence in the summer and autumn. All year round in tropical and subtropical regions for the disease, and easy to be popular.
Malaria - the epidemic
In tropical and subtropical countries and regions, the malaria epidemic is still very serious. Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and the Pacific island region, particularly, the global annual incidence of approximately 150 million -2 million deaths of about 150 Million -270 million. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine is widespread in tropical regions, especially in the Amazon region and Southeast Asian countries. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine exists in parts of Papua - New Guinea, Vanuatu, Indonesia and Myanmar have also been reported.
In tropical and subtropical countries and regions, the malaria epidemic is still very serious. Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and the Pacific island region, particularly, the global annual incidence of approximately 150 million -2 million deaths of about 150 Million -270 million. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine is widespread in tropical regions, especially in the Amazon region and Southeast Asian countries. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine exists in parts of Papua - New Guinea, Vanuatu, Indonesia and Myanmar have also been reported.
Malaria - pathogens
Parasites on the body of the Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae (, Plasmodium malariae) and P. ovale (, Plasmodium ovale), respectively, caused by Plasmodium vivax, falciparum malaria, three Plasmodium vivax and ovale malaria. The parasite life history can be divided into the asexual reproduction of the human body (bilharzia proliferation) and sexual reproduction (spore proliferation of mosquitoes) two stages.
Parasites on the body of the Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae (, Plasmodium malariae) and P. ovale (, Plasmodium ovale), respectively, caused by Plasmodium vivax, falciparum malaria, three Plasmodium vivax and ovale malaria. The parasite life history can be divided into the asexual reproduction of the human body (bilharzia proliferation) and sexual reproduction (spore proliferation of mosquitoes) two stages.
.Malaria - mechanism of action
Erythrocytic stage merozoites burst red blood cells, the release of merozoites, parasite metabolites, denatured Hb, red blood cell debris. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages into the bloodstream after being swallowed. The heat and the body of the endogenous metabolites (exogenous heat source) acting on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, thermoregulation disorder, malaria attack. Pathogenic substances are swallowed degradation after heat source disappears, the thermoregulatory center back to normal, sweating and heat.
Erythrocytic stage merozoites burst red blood cells, the release of merozoites, parasite metabolites, denatured Hb, red blood cell debris. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages into the bloodstream after being swallowed. The heat and the body of the endogenous metabolites (exogenous heat source) acting on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, thermoregulation disorder, malaria attack. Pathogenic substances are swallowed degradation after heat source disappears, the thermoregulatory center back to normal, sweating and heat.
Malaria - Symptoms
Three basic symptoms of Malaria: periodic chills and fever attacks, anemia and splenomegaly. The incubation period refers to the sporozoites into the human body to malaria before the onset of this period of time. Malaria attack, refers to the periodic chills and fever attack (chills, fever, sweating, fever). Malaria incubation period due to the different types of malaria parasite infection. Plasmodium falciparum is an average of 12 days, an average of 30 days 30 Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium vivax and ovale malaria, an average of 14 days, but vivax malaria can sometimes be as long as 12 months or more. The length of its incubation period and blood transfusion-transmitted malaria, the parasite for 3 -41 days, depending on, usually 7-14 days. Clinical symptoms of malaria usually have the following four:
A precursor of headache, body aches, fatigue, chills.
Chills of hands and feet cold, then chills, shivering, pale, cyanosis of lips and nails. The temperature increased rapidly, Sustainable more than 10 minutes to 2 hours.
Fever of chills after systemic fever, headache, thirst, body temperature may rise to 39oC or more, some patients may be convulsions, the period for 2-3 hours.
Sweating of fever, sweating, rapid decline in body temperature, this period for one hour or more
Three basic symptoms of Malaria: periodic chills and fever attacks, anemia and splenomegaly. The incubation period refers to the sporozoites into the human body to malaria before the onset of this period of time. Malaria attack, refers to the periodic chills and fever attack (chills, fever, sweating, fever). Malaria incubation period due to the different types of malaria parasite infection. Plasmodium falciparum is an average of 12 days, an average of 30 days 30 Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium vivax and ovale malaria, an average of 14 days, but vivax malaria can sometimes be as long as 12 months or more. The length of its incubation period and blood transfusion-transmitted malaria, the parasite for 3 -41 days, depending on, usually 7-14 days. Clinical symptoms of malaria usually have the following four:
A precursor of headache, body aches, fatigue, chills.
Chills of hands and feet cold, then chills, shivering, pale, cyanosis of lips and nails. The temperature increased rapidly, Sustainable more than 10 minutes to 2 hours.
Fever of chills after systemic fever, headache, thirst, body temperature may rise to 39oC or more, some patients may be convulsions, the period for 2-3 hours.
Sweating of fever, sweating, rapid decline in body temperature, this period for one hour or more
Malaria - reburning with recurrenceReburning: recrudescence: malaria treatment is not complete, or the body's immune system to kill most of the parasites within red blood cells, malaria attack is stopped, in the case of re-infection, a large number of remnants of the malaria parasite in red blood cells caused by proliferation and malaria attack, this phenomenon is called reburning.
Relapse: relapse: after drug treatment or immune function, erythrocytic stage malaria parasites have all been to kill the malaria attack to stop. In the case of re-infection, delayed-type sporozoites within hepatocytes sleep recovery, by bilharzia proliferation of merozoites invade red blood cell development, and cause malaria attack again, this phenomenon is called relapse.
Malaria - diagnosisA diagnosis of clinical symptoms of intermittent timing onset of the clinical symptoms of falciparum malaria episodes of a daily or every other day, vivax for the next day attack. The onset of many patients with splenomegaly and anemia, critically ill patients can be followed by coma.Pathogen diagnosis of fever patients to take blood from the ear lobe, thick blood film on a glass slide coated system, see the malaria parasite with Giemsa dye staining, microscopy oil endoscopy. This is the most simple and reliable diagnostic method.Serological diagnosis of malaria antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and other methods to check the antibody-positive people who have had malaria.
Malaria - treatment1 Plasmodium vivax, 30 malariae and ovale malaria treatment: chloroquine 1.5g3 hours service (0.6g, 1 day 2,3 day 0.45g), the Garber primaquine 90-180mg, 4-8 hours service (daily 22.5 mg), more than are adult dose, children reduce the same below.(2) the treatment of falciparum malaria: chloroquine 1.5g 3 hours service (0.6g, 1 day 2,3 day 0.45g), Garber primaquine 45mg hours service, 2 days (daily 22.5 mg).(3) the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria: 1.2g pyronaridine, sulfadoxine 1.0g Garber primaquine 45mg 2 hours service; or artesunate 600mg 5 days (200mg, 1 day, 2 hours service times divided; 2-5 day daily 100mg, 2 times divided), Garber primaquine 45mg 2 hours service.(4) treatment of severe malaria: artesunate sodium or pyronaridine or artemether or dihydrochloride, quinine injection for antimalarial treatment, and infusion, vitamin supplements and as an adjunct treatment and symptomatic treatment.
Malaria - epidemiologyA source of infection: the peripheral blood of patients with gametophyte and parasite(2) Transmission: AnophelesSusceptible populations: people who have low immunity
MonitorMalaria is one of the international monitoring of infectious diseases. The systematic collection, collation and analysis of malaria morbidity, mortality and other data for continuous observation of the occurrence, distribution and trends of malaria, and information and analysis of feedback to the relevant personnel, effective malaria prevention and control. Malaria situation reporting system should be strengthened to improve the quality of monitoring. Malaria monitoring, including the investigation of cases of malaria, treatment, classification and tracking observation; the investigation and handling of the epidemic; the management of malaria among mobile population; malaria parasite antimalarial sensitivity determination; the number of vector populations, blood-sucking habits and sensitive to pesticides monitoring.
Malaria - control measuresMalaria (a) Prevention(1) health education to step up publicity to make the masses understand the malaria knowledge and consciously with the preventive work. Strengthen guidance on the health of travelers to go to a malaria endemic area and non-immune populations.Immunization sporozoite vaccine merozoite vaccine and gametocyte vaccine research has important progress, but so far there is no genuinely efficient and safe malaria vaccine available for practical application.Individual prevention to promote the use of mosquito nets, mosquito coils, the use of wild plants such as wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris smoked repellent. As much as possible not to sleep on, if necessary, use repellents to prevent mosquito bites.4 groups of prevention(1) medication in high malaria endemic areas and malaria outbreaks of endemic areas, residents of the epidemic season pyrimethamine 50mg Garber primaquine 22.5 mg prevention medication, pregnant women switch to chloroquine or piperaquine 0.3g per 1 on the 10th.(2) anti-mosquito in malaria endemic areas and the emergence of malaria outbreaks in the areas of fashion trends, 23 (2g/m2) residual spraying housing and livestock shed; areas in the widespread use of mosquito nets with deltamethrin (10-20mg/m2 ) or Permethrin (200-300mg/m2) immersion or spraying mosquito nets.(3) to improve the environment filled potholes, excluding water, flat fields, trimming ditches to reduce the breeding grounds. Irrigation, conditional region, rice fish, or moist media region in the Anopheles dirus, combined with production and development of villages around the bushes.
(B) the control of an outbreakOutbreaks of endemic areas, should be timely epidemiological investigation, the development of contingency measures, the outbreak quickly under control. Emergency measures, including focus groups to prevent medication; as the case with all the people, focus groups or malaria history of treatment; outbreak area, as the main media in order to the Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles minimus to take insecticide indoor residual spraying, and can also be used deltamethrin treated mosquito nets. Really good grasp of the current patients and the formal treatment and management. The vivax malaria patients should also carry out anti-retroviral treatment in the next spring. Outbreak areas (spots) around the region to strengthen the case for investigation, detection and treatment of patients, to prevent the spread of the epidemic. Control the epidemic should continue to strengthen monitoring.
(C) of the floating population to malaria controlConstruction site or the Economic Development Zone in malaria endemic areas, should be equipped with full-time or part-time staff is responsible to identify the prevalence of malaria and major media; malaria history and suspected patients to be registered within two years, given the formal treatment; on malaria history by follow-up year; use of mosquito nets in malaria-endemic season should be required to strengthen personal protective malaria trends should be taken when the crowd medication and mosquito prevention measures; migrant workers before the evacuation or transfer, given the formal treatment of malaria history and treatment records of a notice to move to the regional county (city) health and epidemic prevention institutions.
Malaria - the impact of disastersFloods and abnormal climate Mosquito breeding ground for increase in war and unrest, large-scale population movements or gathered, can lead to malaria prevalence and spread. Must be given to carry out the monitoring, prediction and forecasting of disaster impact on malaria transmission.
Relapse: relapse: after drug treatment or immune function, erythrocytic stage malaria parasites have all been to kill the malaria attack to stop. In the case of re-infection, delayed-type sporozoites within hepatocytes sleep recovery, by bilharzia proliferation of merozoites invade red blood cell development, and cause malaria attack again, this phenomenon is called relapse.
Malaria - diagnosisA diagnosis of clinical symptoms of intermittent timing onset of the clinical symptoms of falciparum malaria episodes of a daily or every other day, vivax for the next day attack. The onset of many patients with splenomegaly and anemia, critically ill patients can be followed by coma.Pathogen diagnosis of fever patients to take blood from the ear lobe, thick blood film on a glass slide coated system, see the malaria parasite with Giemsa dye staining, microscopy oil endoscopy. This is the most simple and reliable diagnostic method.Serological diagnosis of malaria antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and other methods to check the antibody-positive people who have had malaria.
Malaria - treatment1 Plasmodium vivax, 30 malariae and ovale malaria treatment: chloroquine 1.5g3 hours service (0.6g, 1 day 2,3 day 0.45g), the Garber primaquine 90-180mg, 4-8 hours service (daily 22.5 mg), more than are adult dose, children reduce the same below.(2) the treatment of falciparum malaria: chloroquine 1.5g 3 hours service (0.6g, 1 day 2,3 day 0.45g), Garber primaquine 45mg hours service, 2 days (daily 22.5 mg).(3) the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria: 1.2g pyronaridine, sulfadoxine 1.0g Garber primaquine 45mg 2 hours service; or artesunate 600mg 5 days (200mg, 1 day, 2 hours service times divided; 2-5 day daily 100mg, 2 times divided), Garber primaquine 45mg 2 hours service.(4) treatment of severe malaria: artesunate sodium or pyronaridine or artemether or dihydrochloride, quinine injection for antimalarial treatment, and infusion, vitamin supplements and as an adjunct treatment and symptomatic treatment.
Malaria - epidemiologyA source of infection: the peripheral blood of patients with gametophyte and parasite(2) Transmission: AnophelesSusceptible populations: people who have low immunity
MonitorMalaria is one of the international monitoring of infectious diseases. The systematic collection, collation and analysis of malaria morbidity, mortality and other data for continuous observation of the occurrence, distribution and trends of malaria, and information and analysis of feedback to the relevant personnel, effective malaria prevention and control. Malaria situation reporting system should be strengthened to improve the quality of monitoring. Malaria monitoring, including the investigation of cases of malaria, treatment, classification and tracking observation; the investigation and handling of the epidemic; the management of malaria among mobile population; malaria parasite antimalarial sensitivity determination; the number of vector populations, blood-sucking habits and sensitive to pesticides monitoring.
Malaria - control measuresMalaria (a) Prevention(1) health education to step up publicity to make the masses understand the malaria knowledge and consciously with the preventive work. Strengthen guidance on the health of travelers to go to a malaria endemic area and non-immune populations.Immunization sporozoite vaccine merozoite vaccine and gametocyte vaccine research has important progress, but so far there is no genuinely efficient and safe malaria vaccine available for practical application.Individual prevention to promote the use of mosquito nets, mosquito coils, the use of wild plants such as wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris smoked repellent. As much as possible not to sleep on, if necessary, use repellents to prevent mosquito bites.4 groups of prevention(1) medication in high malaria endemic areas and malaria outbreaks of endemic areas, residents of the epidemic season pyrimethamine 50mg Garber primaquine 22.5 mg prevention medication, pregnant women switch to chloroquine or piperaquine 0.3g per 1 on the 10th.(2) anti-mosquito in malaria endemic areas and the emergence of malaria outbreaks in the areas of fashion trends, 23 (2g/m2) residual spraying housing and livestock shed; areas in the widespread use of mosquito nets with deltamethrin (10-20mg/m2 ) or Permethrin (200-300mg/m2) immersion or spraying mosquito nets.(3) to improve the environment filled potholes, excluding water, flat fields, trimming ditches to reduce the breeding grounds. Irrigation, conditional region, rice fish, or moist media region in the Anopheles dirus, combined with production and development of villages around the bushes.
(B) the control of an outbreakOutbreaks of endemic areas, should be timely epidemiological investigation, the development of contingency measures, the outbreak quickly under control. Emergency measures, including focus groups to prevent medication; as the case with all the people, focus groups or malaria history of treatment; outbreak area, as the main media in order to the Anopheles anthropophagus and Anopheles minimus to take insecticide indoor residual spraying, and can also be used deltamethrin treated mosquito nets. Really good grasp of the current patients and the formal treatment and management. The vivax malaria patients should also carry out anti-retroviral treatment in the next spring. Outbreak areas (spots) around the region to strengthen the case for investigation, detection and treatment of patients, to prevent the spread of the epidemic. Control the epidemic should continue to strengthen monitoring.
(C) of the floating population to malaria controlConstruction site or the Economic Development Zone in malaria endemic areas, should be equipped with full-time or part-time staff is responsible to identify the prevalence of malaria and major media; malaria history and suspected patients to be registered within two years, given the formal treatment; on malaria history by follow-up year; use of mosquito nets in malaria-endemic season should be required to strengthen personal protective malaria trends should be taken when the crowd medication and mosquito prevention measures; migrant workers before the evacuation or transfer, given the formal treatment of malaria history and treatment records of a notice to move to the regional county (city) health and epidemic prevention institutions.
Malaria - the impact of disastersFloods and abnormal climate Mosquito breeding ground for increase in war and unrest, large-scale population movements or gathered, can lead to malaria prevalence and spread. Must be given to carry out the monitoring, prediction and forecasting of disaster impact on malaria transmission.
