Ether-What is ether?
Ether (Diethyl ether), also known by playing the formula (C2H5) 2O, or abbreviated as Et2O, is a very extensive use of organic solvents, and fairly stable when isolated from the air. Ether is a colorless flammable liquid, highly volatile, special smell. Highly flammable, high purity ether is not a long exposure to storage, or its vapor may lead to the open fire in the distance and then fire. March 30, 1842 ethyl ether is used as an anesthetic for the first time.
How to make the ether?Laboratory method for making(1) of ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid compound is heated to 140 ° C can occur intermolecular dehydration product ether and concentrated sulfuric acid as dehydrating agent \ catalyst here.
2 equation: 2 of CH3 - CH2-OH --- (the concentrated H2SO4/140 ° C) --- → CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3
Reaction type: substitution reaction
Ether - industrial system of lawIndustrial alumina catalytic ethanol dehydration system at 300 ℃ have. Is an important solvent to dissolve various organic compounds, commonly used for natural product extraction agent or reaction medium. Some substances can be dissolved in ether containing ethanol or water. Some inorganic solubility in ether. Example, a small amount of sulfur or phosphorus, bromine, iodine, iron chloride, gold chloride in ether, have a greater solubility. Is the first successful trial of surgical anesthetic.
Ether/Diethyl ether - useMainly used as an excellent solvent for oils, dyes, alkaloids, fats, natural resins, synthetic resins, nitrocellulose, hydrocarbons, linseed oil, petroleum resin, rosin resin, spices, non-vulcanized rubber, etc.. The pharmaceutical industry is used as the extractant of drug production and medical anesthetic. Wool, cotton industry as the oil spill clean agent. The gunpowder industry for the manufacture of smokeless powder.
Ether - securityHazardous characteristicsIts vapor and air can form explosive mixtures in case of fire, explosion fever burns easily. It can react with oxidants. In the air long can generate explosive peroxides. In the scene, heating containers risk of explosion. Its vapor is heavier than air and spread to the lower Department of considerable local and met the fire will fire back.
Emergency responseSkin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing, rinse with plenty of water.
Eye contact: Did eyelid, mobile water or saline rinse. Medical treatment.
Inhalation: rapidly from the scene to fresh air. To maintain airway patency. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If not breathing, give artificial respiration immediately. Medical treatment.
Ingestion: drink enough water to induce vomiting. Medical treatment.
Respiratory protection: concentration in air overweight, wearing a gas mask filter type (half-mask).
Eye protection: when necessary, wearing chemical protective safety glasses.
Physical protection: wear anti-static overalls.
Hand protection: Wear rubber gloves.
Other protection: no smoking scene work. Attention to personal hygiene.
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: rapid withdrawal from air leakage personnel to a safe area, and isolation and strict restrictions on access. Cut off the fire source. The proposed emergency personnel wearing self-Pressurized respirators to wear anti-static overalls. As much as possible to cut off the source of the leak. Prevent flow into the sewers, flood discharge trench so restrictive space. A small leak: activated carbon or other inert material absorption. Can also use plenty of water diluted into the wastewater system. Large leak: to build a causeway or trenching asylum. Covered with foam to reduce vapors disaster. Ex pump used to transfer tankers or exclusive collector, recycling or shipped to the waste disposal sites.
Hazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Fire fighting methods: as far as possible the container from the scene empty Department. Water spray to keep fire containers cool until the end of fire. At the scene of the container, if any, change from the pressure relief safety devices have voices must evacuate immediately. Extinguishing Media: alcohol resistant foam, carbon dioxide, dry, sandy soil. No water.
Ether - Management InformationOperations management: closed operation, full ventilation. The operator must go through specialized training, and strictly abide by the rules. Proposed operators wear filter respirators (half-mask), wearing chemical protective safety glasses, to wear anti-static overalls, wearing rubber gloves. Away from fire, heat, workplace smoking. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. To prevent vapor leakage into the workplace air. Avoid contact with oxidants. Filling amount should be left empty volume of 5%. With appropriate types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment and spill response equipment. The empty containers may be harmful residues.
Storage management: usually the goods plus a stabilizer. Store in a cool, ventilated coffers. Keep away from fire and heat source. The storage temperature should not exceed 26 ℃. Packing seal, can not be in contact with air. With oxidants such as should be stored separately to avoid mixing reservoir. Not a lot of storage go far. Explosion-proof lighting and ventilation facilities. Prohibit the use of mechanical equipment and tools easy to produce sparks. The storage area should be equipped with spill response equipment and materials suitable host.
Management of transport: rail transport, 4 September small opening drums packaging limit of refrigerated transport. Transport vehicles should be equipped with appropriate types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment and spill response equipment. The best summer morning and evening transportation. Tank (tank) vehicles used in transportation should be grounded chain, tank partition hole in order to reduce static electricity shocks. Mixed transportation and mixed oxidants, food chemicals, etc., is prohibited. Transit should prevent sunlight, rain, high temperature. Stopovers should be away from fire, heat, high temperature zone. Shipment of the goods vehicle exhaust pipe must be equipped with fire retardant devices, prohibit the use of easy to produce the spark of mechanical handling equipment and tools. According to the provisions of road transport routes, do not stay in residential areas and densely populated areas. Rail transport to prohibit the slide release. Strictly prohibited to use a wooden, cement and bulk transport.
Waste management: by adding sodium bicarbonate solution, medium, and dilution water into the wastewater system.
Ether/ Diethyl ether- related MedicalToxicological informationAcute toxicity: LD50: 1215 mg / kg (rat oral). LC50: 221.19 thousand mg/m3, for 2 h (rat inhalation). Inhaled the minimum toxic concentration (stimulus): 200 ppm; human oral minimum lethal dose: 420 mg / kg. Ether anesthesia concentration was 109.8 ~ 196.95 g/m3 and (3.6% ~ 6.5%). 212.1 ~ 303 g/m3 and (7% ~ 10%) can cause respiratory depression; when more than 303 g/m3 and life-threatening. Continuous inhalation of 6.06 g/m3 and (2000 ppm) can cause dizziness; inhalation of 9.09 ~ 21.21 g/m3 and the concentration of the ether, without any clinical symptoms.
Metabolism: ether by inhalation in the alveolar quickly absorbed rapidly from the blood into the brain and adipose tissue. Inhalation of ether, 87% without changes in discharge from the breath, 1% to 2% from the urine. Part of the ether in the liver by the microsomal enzyme conversion of acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetic acid and carbon dioxide by the respiratory and urinary discharge. Ether content in the blood decreased rapidly after cessation of exposure, but still maintain a fairly high concentration in adipose tissue.
Poisoning mechanism: a major role in the central nervous system, causing general anesthesia. Is generally believed that due to the ether caused by disturbance of consciousness and the brain stem ascending reticular activating system inhibition, decreased muscle tone is the inhibition of spinal cord. Ether can inhibit the central synaptic neurotransmitter - acetylcholine release.
Ether absorbed through the respiratory tract, was soon absorbed in the alveoli rapidly from the blood into the brain and adipose tissue. Higher ether content in the brain tissue, brain blood volume, containing the lipid-rich and the ether through the blood-brain barrier, therefore.
Irritation: a rabbit eyes: 40 mg, severe irritation. Rabbits open percutaneous stimulation test: 500 mg mild irritation.
Emergency medicalDiagnosis:
(1) prolonged inhalation of low concentrations of ether, headache, dizziness, tiredness, lethargy and other symptoms.
(2) acute inhalation of the early excitement symptoms, multilingual, irritability, headache, disturbance of consciousness, lethargy, reduced pulse rate, temperature drops, blood pressure, respiratory and circulatory central inhibition. Will soon enter the anesthetic coma. Stop quickly reversed after inhalation.
(3) After contact with skin, dry or chapped.
Principles:
(1) the use of ether, if good ventilation conditions, generally will not cause poisoning.
(2) a large number of contacts at the production site Erzhi poisoning, should be promptly disengagement, symptomatic treatment.
Preventive measures:
The use of ether, if good ventilation conditions, generally will not cause poisoning. If so, a large number of ether evaporation escape should be noted that the anti-virus, fire and explosion.
Medical applicationsMedicinal ether advantages
① analgesic effect, but also to promote skeletal muscle relaxants;
(2) 3-4 times the usual dose, the suppression of the circulatory function to reach a dangerous level, it is safer;
③ direct anesthetic mortality rate is low.
Shortcoming
(1) flammable explosion when the air content of 1.83-48.0% 2.1-82.5% of the oxygen that is a possibility; ether vapor density is 2-6 times greater than air, and often drop to the ground in the operating room, easy to ignite;
② bad smell, strong irritant, can cause oral nasal and tracheobronchial mucosa, increased secretion of mucous glands, the airway is difficult to guarantee a smooth inhalation anesthesia induction, hold your breath, cough, throat or bronchial spasm frequent postoperative pulmonary Ministry of complications;
③ chemically unstable, exposed to air, light or heat that is, deterioration, to generate the peroxide or acetaldehyde, stimulating more; high purity requirements, the small amount of impurities that increase the anesthesia induction and maintenance difficulties, after the concurrent disease more;
④ anesthesia role of onset of slow, the induction period is not only too long, and the excitement stage, the clinical subject to drug induction of general anesthesia;
The ⑤ wake up during the gastrointestinal disorder is common, the incidence of nausea and vomiting can be as high as 50% or more;
⑥ ether anesthesia, the bile secretion decreased liver glycogen depletion, elevated blood glucose, the significance of these changes on the normal, but with diabetes or liver disease is not inevitable.
Usage and dosage
Various forms of inhalation anesthesia device, such as open, semi-open, half closed or fully closed, the ether are applicable. Contact with soda lime is not degenerate. Adult induced during inhale ether vapor concentration can be gradually demand increased to 10-15%, and maintain during the 4 to 6% for the most commonly used. Children induced with 4 and 6%, and age, the smaller the concentration should be lower to maintain 2-4%. Inhalation anesthesia process should be based on patient and surgical requirements, at any time to adjust to inhale ether concentration, and try to avoid the body more ether accumulation in fat and muscle.
Disable with caution
Case of acute or chronic respiratory diseases, water and electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, diabetes mellitus, intracranial pressure has been high, poor liver and kidney function, jaundice obvious patients are disabled.
Diabetes, liver function, severe damage to respiratory tract infection or obstruction, and gastrointestinal obstruction patient hanged.
Administration instructions
(1) ether as volatile liquids, metal cans loaded into the inner wall of copper or colored glass bottles, sealed; not a leak.
(2) bottle (or cans) of 60 or 120ml, should not exceed 200ml. After 12-24 hours, with leftover scrap.
(3) store more than two years should be re-inspected, required to use.
Adverse reactions
Laryngospasm, transient serum transaminase elevation, convulsions, acute pancreatitis. Immune response to ether anesthesia would be compromised. Contact dermatitis and systemic allergic reactions in patients with ether anesthesia.
