Vaccine-What is the vaccine?
What is the vaccine?
Vaccine is bacteria, viruses, tumor cells made of the body can produce specific immune biological agents. The term originated from the vaccine by Edward Jenner used cowpox ("vacca" the Latin, meaning cow). When humans after vaccinia vaccination, smallpox can produce antibodies. Vaccinia as Pasteur and others continue to study. The process of distributing and receiving the vaccine is called immunization. Vaccine can prevent pathogens from natural or wild, drug or treatment of infections caused by the impact.
Vaccine History:
In 1796, the history of the first dose of vaccine, the nature of the vaccinia vaccine against smallpox to
In 1879, the first anti-cholera vaccines branch
In 1881, the first anti-anthrax vaccine support
In 1882, the first anti-rabies vaccine support
In 1890, the first anchorage tetanus, diphtheria vaccine
In 1896, the first anchorage typhoid fever vaccine (typhoid fever)
In 1897, the first anti-plague vaccine support
In 1921, the first branch of anti-tuberculosis vaccine (BCG)
In 1926, the first team against whooping cough vaccine
In 1927, the first branch of anti-TB vaccine
In 1932, the first anchorage of yellow fever vaccine
In 1937, the first anchorage typhoid fever (typhus) vaccine
In 1945, the first anti-influenza vaccine support
In 1952, the first anti-polio vaccination teams
In 1954, the first anchorage Japanese encephalitis vaccine
In 1957, the first anchorage adenovirus vaccine
In 1962, the first oral polio vaccine anchorage
In 1964, the first anchorage German measles (Rubella)
In 1967, the first anchorage mumps vaccine (Mumps)
In 1970, the first anchorage roseola vaccine (roséole)
In 1974, the first anchorage varicella vaccine
In 1977, the first anchorage pneumonia vaccine (pneumococcal)
In 1978, the first anchorage meningitis vaccine (meningococcal)
In 1981, the first support anti-hepatitis B vaccine
In 1985, the first team against Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine
In 1992, the first anti-hepatitis vaccines branch
In 1998, the first team against Lyme disease, rotavirus vaccine
In 2006, the first anchorage cervical cancer (HPV) vaccine
April 23, 2009, China announced the successful development of recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine export service
Vaccines - Category:
Vaccination with the biological products including vaccines, vaccine and toxoid. One, made by bacteria as vaccine; by a virus, rickettsia, spiral structure into the vaccine, sometimes referred to as vaccine.
Artificial active immunization agents
1 dead vaccine
Immunogenicity of a good selection of bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, snails and other times the body by artificial culture, and then the physical or chemical methods to kill is made. Loss of reproductive capacity of this vaccine, but retained immunogenicity. Vaccine into the body after death can not be growth and reproduction of the body to stimulate the short time required to obtain long-lasting immunity to repeated vaccination.
2 live attenuated vaccine
Directional variation of artificial methods, or screened from natural or non-toxic reduced virulence of live attenuated vaccine made of live microorganisms. Used live BCG vaccine (BCG), measles vaccine, polio vaccine. After vaccination with in vivo growth and reproduction ability, close to natural infection, pathogens can stimulate the body lasting immunity. Small amount of live vaccine, the immune longer duration. Live vaccine is better than dead vaccine.
3 subunit vaccine (vaccine component)
Remove pathogens unprotected immune function and even harmful ingredients, to retain its original composition after the effective immunization, the vaccine is made. Available chemical reagents cracking influenza virus, made its hemagglutinin, neuraminidase made; with meningococcal capsular polysaccharide made of subunit vaccines.
4 recombinant vaccine
Made the application of genetic engineering techniques, such as the genes encoding HBSAg into yeast genome, made of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Recombinant method can also be made more species, more affordable, safer and more effective vaccines or multivalent vaccine.
5.DNA vaccine
DNA vaccines is the pathogen or tumor antigen in whole or part of the protein cloned in the eukaryotic expression vector injected directly into the body, after it stimulating antigen expression in vivo body to produce immune response. The production method is simple, safe and effective. From 1992 to now there have been two DNA vaccines market.
6 toxoid
Extracellular toxin by formaldehyde treatment, loss of toxicity, immunogenicity remains for toxoid. Which increases the amount of aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide adsorption Serve refined toxoid. Slow absorption of the body, can stimulate the body a long time, resulting in higher titers of antibodies to enhance the immune effect. There used toxoid diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and so on.
Passive immunization agents
1 antitoxin
(2) anti-bacterial and anti-virus serum serum
3 globulin
4-specific immunoglobulin
5 immune RNA
6 transfer factor
7 thymosin
8 of interferon
Artificial active immunization and passive immunization are artificial body can increase resistance to disease, but the latter's short duration, mainly with the treatment and emergency prevention.
Vaccination - inoculation time:
To provide the best protection, children grow to their immune system can react to some of the vaccine, they should receive the vaccine. In general, children need to receive booster to achieve full resistance of the resulting disease. Resulting in a complex vaccination schedule. In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended immunization schedule increases. The Committee recommends that all children should receive hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, mumps, measles, German measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, influenza B, varicella, rotavirus, influenza, meningitis inflammatory disease and bacterial pneumonia vaccine is recommended in large amounts of vaccine and booster doses (up to twenty-four injections required to undergo two years of age) vaccinated all the vaccine can cause problems. To address the completion of all immunization rates fall, the Administration set up a different notification system. Market also provides a different combination vaccines (eg: Prevnar and [[ProQuad]), to provide a wide range of single inoculation resistance to disease.
Inoculation of the vaccine may be given admission to the conditions of different grades. This is only possible through the school to reduce the number of infectious diseases, and age is not a list of vaccines for children. Therefore, in order to avoid an outbreak may lead to influence, the school may need to immunize children against the highly contagious disease vaccines, such as: influenza B and varicella. And if the pathogen can only exist in which the patient's blood or body fluids; will not be transmitted through social activities, general classrooms, such as: Hepatitis B, the school requires students to vaccination of these diseases lower the chance of vaccine. Individual states in the United States, the Government will put forward by parents, religious, moral or medical reasons, to set the mandatory vaccination of all kinds of exemptions.
In addition to recommending booster immunization of infants, the experts suggest that certain vaccines vaccination should be repeated regularly - usually measles, tetanus, influenza and pneumonia. Pregnant women, the continued resistance of German measles is often filtered. In 2006, the shingles vaccine available. Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus disease, usually affecting older people. The elders because of pneumonia and influenza vaccine primarily because of its greater impact on the elderly.
Miao - Dispute
Vaccine is widely recognized as reducing the prevalence and impact of many diseases. National and international public health organizations as vaccination for their resistance to disease, the strategic focus. The consensus of health care organizations and doctors through the large-scale vaccination campaigns to achieve personal and herd immunity to eradicate or control the deadly disease is a fundamental and effective components.
When the overwhelming majority of the medical profession to support vaccination as preventing the spread of infectious diseases and reduce the impact of an effective and safe means, and most public health advocates believe that mandatory vaccination program more good than harm to the public, the anti-vaccination people think that in the absence of the adverse effects of the vaccine study, the vaccine's effectiveness and safety is questionable.
Staff continue to study for a range of diseases and the development of new vaccines have been widely used vaccine effectiveness and safety.
Since the initial vaccination campaigns: there, there have been many different criticisms made against vaccination.
Some vaccines, including giving young children, contains a body will be metabolized into ethyl mercury antimicrobial agent thimerosal.
Potential side effects of vaccines:
The typical vaccine needle ingredients are: mercury, aluminum, formaldehyde, phenol, antibiotics, ethylene glycol, inactivated bacteria / virus. The injection into the bloodstream, but it will permanently remain in the body tissue, the brain's immune system continued to make continuous state of tension and release free radicals, may damage brain tissue, causing a language barrier, abnormal behavior, thought disorder, temperament changes . Meanwhile, the head outside of the normal immune function and so on.
From the June 2006-July 2007, more than 3,461 cases of cervical cancer vaccine to fight the anti-Gardasil adverse side effects after the Adverse Report, of which eight died, 31 intensive care, 1,385 a need emergency treatment, 451 long-term sequelae, 51 disability. (The Great HPV Vaccine Hoax Exposed.)
Vaccine - Save method
Extend the expiration date for the vaccine and reduce the production and storage costs, in the past was extensive use of ethyl mercury (ethylmercury) used as thimerosal (thimerosal). However, many children who use the relevant vaccine, leading to neurological abnormalities and heart disease, in addition to a small number of influenza vaccines, thimerosal in the United States, Denmark and other countries in phasing out, but may be used in the manufacturing process.
Vaccine - immunization:
Vaccine immunization consists of two programs: one is the whole basis of adequate immunity, that is 1 year old to complete the initial inoculation; Second, after the booster immunization, the vaccine according to population persistence and prevalence of immunity and disease timely manner cropping.
