Lung Cancer--What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is a common malignant lung tumors, the vast majority of lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium. In recent years, with smoking and a variety of environmental factors, the countries of the world, especially industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence and mortality are rising rapidly, died of cancer of the male patients with lung cancer ranks first.
Lung Cancer - OverviewDiffuse lung cancer, lung cancer (lung cancer), referred to as primary lung cancer (Primary bronchogenic carcinoma), tumor cells from the bronchial mucosa or glands, often regional lymph node metastasis and hematogenous spread, early often irritating cough, bloody sputum and other respiratory symptoms, progression rate and cell biological characteristics. Lung cancer around the world one of the most common malignant tumor is a disease of a serious threat to the health and life of the people.Diseased parts generally have the following rule, namely, the right lung than the left lung upper lobe more than the lower lobe, cancer can occur from the main bronchi to the bronchioles. Different parts of the lung cancer clinical Admiral lung cancer is divided into a central-type lung cancer, peripheral lung cancer and diffuse three types of lung cancer, which originated in the main bronchus, lobar bronchi, lung cancer, known as central position close to the hilar lung cancer; origin known as peripheral lung cancer lung cancer location below the segmental bronchi in the lung around the part of those; originated in the bronchioles or alveolar location diffuse distribution in the lungs by the diffuse type of lung cancer.Lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium, confined to the basement membrane known as carcinoma in situ cancer, bronchial cavity or / and adjacent lung tissue growth and metastatic spread through the lymphatic blood line or bronchial. Carcinoid tumor growth rate and metastatic spread, carcinoid tumor histological type, differentiation, and other biological characteristics.
Lung cancer - CategoriesThe vast majority of lung cancer is a malignant epithelial cell tumor - malignant tumor of epithelial cells. According to the size and appearance of the cancer cells under the microscope histology, lung cancer is divided into small cell lung cancer (16.8%) and non-small cell lung cancer (80.4%). [1]Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Program similar to the prognosis of several non-small cell lung cancer classified as a class. Mainly three types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell lung cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 25% of lung cancer, usually starting at the trachea. Often found in the tumor cavity and apoptosis. Fully differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is often slower than other types of cancer growth. Lung cancer accounts for 40 percent of lung cancer. Usually starting at the peripheral lung tissue. The majority of lung adenocarcinoma and is related to smoking; but in never smokers, adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the lung, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in female never smokers is common, would be the treatment of different reactions.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Small cell lung cancer, also called "oat cell carcinoma, less common. This cancer is often large respiratory tract (main or sub-bronchial) and develop rapidly, and soon a long great. Small cells, neurosecretory cells of granulocytes (containing vesicles of endocrine hormones), and endocrine - paraneoplastic syndrome. Although at first would be more sensitive to chemotherapy, but the ultimate prognosis is poor and often distant metastases. Small cell lung cancer branch of the deadline and a wide range of. This type of lung cancer is largely related to smoking.OtherLung cancer is the strong diversity, including several in sub-categories of cancer cells in tumors is very common. The most widely used for the recognition and use of the classification system of lung cancer is the fourth edition of the histological classification of tumors of lung and respiratory, jointly published by the World Health Organization and the International Association for the Study of lung cancer in 2004. Which recognizes a variety of histopathological special non-small cell lung cancer, classified in a number of new categories, including sarcomatoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, carcinoid tumors, lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Last a subclass include at least 10% of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Including small cell carcinoma tumors, including non-small cell carcinoma, these are divided into a small cell carcinoma variant, called mixed small cell carcinoma. Mixed small cell cancer small cell cancer is currently the only recognized species. Infants and children, the most important type of lung cancer is the pulmonary blastoma and carcinoid tumors.
Lung cancer - clinical typeA squamous cell carcinoma (also known as squamous cell carcinoma): in all types of lung cancer is the most common, accounting for about 50%. Sick mostly in the age over 50 years of age, male-dominated.Mostly originated in the larger bronchi, often of central lung cancer. Although the degree of differentiation of the squamous cell carcinoma are different, but General Growth is relatively slow pace of development, longer course. More sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. First, lymph node metastasis, hematogenous metastasis occurred later.Undifferentiated carcinoma: After the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, more common in men, younger age at onset, generally originated in the larger bronchi. Ranking of central lung cancer based on tissue morphology can be divided into several types of oat cell, small round cells and large cell, which is the most common oat cell. Undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant high, fast growth and early widespread metastatic lymph and blood, more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, the worst prognosis in various types of lung cancer.Adenocarcinoma: origin in the bronchial epithelium, a small number of the origin of the large bronchial mucous glands. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma incidence younger women is relatively common. The majority of adenocarcinoma originated in the smaller bronchi, peripheral lung cancer. Early in general no obvious clinical symptoms, often found in the chest X-ray examination. Round or oval mass, generally slower growth, but sometimes the early stage of hematogenous metastasis. Lymph node metastasis occurs late.4, alveolar cell carcinoma: the origin of the bronchial epithelium, also known as bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma or bronchiolar adenocarcinoma. Parts around in the lung field, the lowest incidence of various types of lung cancer, females are more common. Generally higher degree of differentiation, growth is slow. Cancer cells along the bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveolar wall growth, without infringing the alveolar septa. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis occurred later, but bronchial spread to other lobes or violation of the pleura. Alveolar cell carcinoma of nodular and diffuse categories in morphology. The former can be a single nodule or multiple nodules; the latter form of pneumonia-like lesions. Confined nodules, surgical removal of the good effect.
Lung cancer - the cause of
Smoking a lot of investigation after years of research, closely related to the currently recognized as the cause of the following factors and lung cancer.SmokeAlmost all patients with lung cancer incidence related to smoking tobacco is very acid substance, easily lead to the human body acidification, acidic likely to cause cancer. Based on national survey data are very close to the etiology of lung cancer and smoking cigarettes relations. Incidence of lung cancer growth and increase in cigarette sales was a parallel relationship. Contains a variety of carcinogens in the cigarettes. The habit of smoking lung cancer incidence rate 10 times higher than non-smokers, smoking a large quantity higher incidence 20 times higher than non-smokers.Occupational factorsLong-term exposure to uranium, radium and other radioactive substances and their derivatives, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, tin, iron, coal tar, bitumen, oil, asbestos, mustard gas and other substances, due to the human diet and lifestyle changes, the more acidic resulting in a slower metabolism and circulation, the overall immune function decline, the machine can take advantage of these radioactive elements in order to induce the cells to become cancerous.Chronic lung diseaseSuch as tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis and lung cancer coexist, itself, the occurrence of these chronic diseases is more acidic in the lungs resulting from cells infected with hypoxia, the cell activity. These cases, the incidence of cancer is higher than normal. In addition, chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation and scar lesions of pulmonary fibrosis in the healing process may lead to squamous metaplasia or hyperplasia, on this basis, in some cases can develop into cancer.What incentives, and other root causes are environmental support, and that is acidic, body fluids is alkaline, that the cancer will not occur in the weak alkaline body fluids.Other reasonsAtmospheric pollution; lost is closely related to lung cancer, evolution, and the degree of malignancy and certain cancer gene activation and anti-cancer gene.Internal factors of the human bodySuch as family genetic and immune function to reduce the metabolic activity of endocrine dysfunction.
Lung cancer - clinical performanceThe general performance ofLung cancer, cough, mostly irritating cough.2, bloody sputum, blood stained sputum.3, chest tightness, chest pain, light, general symptoms of a vague position. When carcinoid tumor invaded the pleura, chest wall, the pain got worse, compared with the previous explicit positioning constant.4, shortness of breath, cancer obstruction caused by pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion, diffuse alveolar lesions can cause.Fever, obstructive pneumonia or cancer endotoxin-induced.6 Patients may appear more pronounced cachexia.Lung cancer - early symptomsLung cancer at an early stage and no special symptoms, only respiratory diseaseCommon symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, fever, chest pain, tightness, it is easy to overlook. Specific performance of the common symptoms of early stage lung cancer: a cough. Lung cancer due to long in the lung tissues, usually produce respiratory tract irritation, irritating cough.2, low grade fever. Often after the tumor blocking the bronchial obstructive lobes to varying degrees, the light only a low fever, severe cases, high fever, may be temporarily improved after treatment, but soon will relapse. (3), chest pain. Early stage lung cancer chest pain, mild, mainly dull pain, pain, and parts are not necessarily the relationship is not determined and breathing. If the pain continues to occur then the cancer involving the pleura.(4), sputum blood. Tumor inflammation caused by necrosis, capillary damage, there will be a small amount of bleeding, often mixed with sputum and intermittent or intermittent. Many lung cancer patients is the treatment of hemoptysis.Early pulmonary manifestations1, bone and joint symptoms: These symptoms are more common. Lung cancer cells can produce some endocrine hormones (heterologous sex hormones), antigens and enzymes, these substances operate role in bone joints, to Erzhi bone and joint pain and swelling, often involving the tibial, peroneal, ulnar, radial and other bone and joint , fingers and toes are often swollen at the end was clubbing, x-ray examination showed periosteal proliferation.2, shoulder pain: pulmonary peripheral lung cancer is often back on the development of erosion of the pleura, involving the ribs and chest wall tissue, causing the shoulder pain. These patients rarely have respiratory symptoms.3, a hoarse voice: lung metastases laryngeal nerve compression allows the vocal cords SBC paralysis Erzhi a hoarse voice. Lung cancer metastasis can occur early and county metastases can sometimes grow faster than the primary tumor, the clinical manifestations of metastases before the primary lesion appears.Late symptomsThe symptoms of advanced lung cancer because the body's not the same but there are some differences, lung cancer, the severe need for timely symptomatic treatment. Locally advanced lung cancer symptoms: chest is a very complex spatial, three-fourths of the lung surface area is surrounded by the chest wall, which is a thin layer of intima (parietal pleura), fat, muscle, ribs and skin constitute different proportions the. Tumor invasion and any part of the above will cause pain.
Thus most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients have symptoms of chest pain. (1), lung cancer pain. The pain is often manifested by the lung cancer patients with advanced symptoms, most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients had chest pain symptoms.2, a hoarse voice is one of the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Control the left pronunciation function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve from the neck down to the chest to bypass the large blood vessels of the heart back to the line up to the throat, which dominated the left side of the vocal organs. The left of the tumor invasion and mediastinal recurrent laryngeal nerve are oppressed, hoarseness arose, but no other symptoms of sore throat and upper respiratory tract infection.3, face, neck edema are symptoms of advanced lung cancer are more common, tumor invasion and mediastinal right superior vena cava compression, the initial cause engorgement of the jugular vein due to poor return, and finally will lead to the face, neck edema , which need to be timely diagnosis and treatment.4, shortness of breath, the performance of the pleural effusion is also the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Medical signs1, the limitations of wheeze: wheeze limitations, multi-inspiratory phase does not disappear after coughing.2, a hoarse voice: lymph node metastasis, oppression or violation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.3, the superior vena cava syndrome: tumor compression or invasion of the superior vena cava, vein reflux blocked, resulting in the head, face, neck, upper extremity edema, varicose veins and edema of the upper chest, accompanied by dizziness, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other symptoms.Horner's syndrome: apical cancer oppression or violation of the cervical sympathetic ganglion, ipsilateral Enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, narrow eye fissure, ipsilateral upper half chest skin temperature and sweat-free.5, shoulder and arm pain: apical cancer of oppression or violation of the brachial plexus, a burning pain on the side of the shoulder and upper limb radial.6, phrenic nerve paralysis: phrenic nerve involvement, shortness of breath, chest tightnessDysphagia: mediastinal lymph nodes esophageal compression due to compression of the trachea can cause breathing difficulties.8, pericardial involvement: pericardial effusion, shortness of breath, arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, pericardial invasion.9, pleural metastasis: visible chest pain, malignant pleural effusion.10, metastatic lung cancer: lung cancer hematogenous metastasis common sites were bone, liver, brain, kidney, adrenal gland, subcutaneous tissue, another lung metastases were also more common. Clinical site with the transfer of appropriate symptoms and signs.11, extrapulmonary signs: common joint pain or hypertrophy, clubbing, polyneuritis, myasthenia gravis, Cushing disease, male breast hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hypercalcemia, mental abnormalities.Lung cancer - diagnosisDiagnosisX-ray, sputum cytology: a continuous collection of three days early in the morning first sputum has a diagnostic value, by which the discovery of cancer cells.2, the chest X-ray: usually with tumors larger than one centimeter can be found in the X-rays.CT: to determine the relationship between tumor location, size of tumor and surrounding tissue, lymph nodes and whether the transfer is an important basis for lung cancer diagnosis and staging.Bronchoscopy: very important in the diagnosis of lung cancer.5, B ultrasound or CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy: accuracy of up to 96%.6, lung function, heart tests: mainly used in patients who underwent surgery, this method can be used to assess whether the patient can withstand a thoracotomy.7, liver, spleen, bone, brain and other parts of the scan: can check whether the patient is transferred.8, the technique of thoracotomy or thoracoscopic surgery is also helpful in the diagnosis.Biochemical indicatorsThe tumor marker tumor cells secrete a number of unique chemical substances. Normal in the human body does not exist, and will appear only when the cells become cancerous.1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.2, carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50): normal reference values: serum <24U/ml.3, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.4, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) normal reference values: serum <35U/ml., Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) normal reference values: serum <28U/ml.Of β2 microglobulin (β2M) normal reference values: serum <24mg / L, and urine <160ug / L,.
Lung cancer - the treatment methodSurgical treatmentThe treatment of lung cancer is mostly advocated to maximize the removal of the lung and to maximize the retained lung function, the more the idea of a comprehensive treatment of the lobectomy surgery and a variety of methods.A) commonly used in lung resection: 1) pulmonary resection; 2) lobectomy; 3) sleeve-shaped lobectomy 4) lung resection; 5) tumor mass resection.B) normative lobectomy. C) cryosurgery treatment.Radiation therapy1) small cell lung cancer (SCLC), radiotherapy is often combined with chemotherapy application;2) non-small cell (NSCLC), lung cancer radiotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy, radical radiotherapy and close chamber afterloading radiotherapy and interstitial radiotherapy.Radiotherapy complications: esophageal damage, lung damage, heart damage and spinal cord to go far.ChemotherapyChemotherapy received increasing attention in the treatment of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer chemotherapy should be treated differently.1) chemotherapy is the main method of treatment of small cell lung cancer: single-agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, alternating chemotherapy.2) chemotherapy pairs of the the the efficacy of of the non-small cell lung cancer far not as good as pairs of the small cell lung cancer, the main there are: the single-drug and the Joint spa the adjuvant chemotherapy in the the in the, radiation therapy.Chinese medicine treatmentChinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, its efficacy is also often more significant, the Chinese have the effect of adjuvant therapy. Treatment is the main method of Chinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, while the principle of regulating the whole.
Chinese medicine can reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, increase the body of radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance, improve quality of life, prolonging life has its unique advantages, such as Liu quadruple therapy for the treatment of lung cancer is now more popular, the effect is significant. Therefore, patients with the Branch for consideration for the treatment of lung cancer.Lung cancer - biological immunotherapyThe treatment of advanced lung cancer during the DC-CIK tumor biological treatment technology is adopted to extract part of the immune cells from patients with advanced lung cancer in vivo and then cultured in vitro, induced activation of a series of operations to greatly improve its anti-tumor activity , then these would have to come from the patient's own activated in vitro anti-tumor cell reinfusion to lung cancer in vivo to kill tumor cells.1, the use of normal survival of patients with lung cancer express lower biological cell factor to mobilize the body's own immune forces of the anti-tumor effect, compared with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, side effects are minor;By active immunization can stimulate the body's anti-tumor effect, the role of a broader range, especially for multiple lesions or widely metastatic malignant tumors;3, using the principle of molecular targeted therapy, targeted, had no effect on normal cells outside the tumor cells in advanced lung cancer patients unfit for surgery, can significantly curb the progress of the tumor and prolong life.CareDay careSmoking causes lung cancer, bedsores prevention: advanced lung cancer patients nutritional status is generally poor, sometimes complicated by systemic edema, easy to produce bedsores, and the rapid expansion, it is difficult to cure, prevention of pressure ulcers is particularly important. Reduce the partial pressure of time and changing body position, the body is easy to pressure parts of the balloon, soft pillow, paving, and to avoid prolonged pressure. Keep the skin clean, especially for patients with incontinence, keep the beds clean, smooth, heat lamp irradiation has ulcerated skin application to maintain the partial drying.Relieve symptoms: fever is one of the main symptoms of lung cancer, instruct patient to keep warm, cold prevention, in order to avoid pneumonia; irritating cough may be given to the antitussive agent; night patients with persistent cough, drink hot water in order to reduce the stimulation of the throat; to hemostatic if hemoptysis, massive hemoptysis, contact their doctor immediately, while the patients head to one side, the timely removal of the blood in the mouth to prevent suffocation, and assist the doctors rescue.3, the condition Observation and nursing care: the the the transfer of of the different parts of the of the lung cancer advanced patients often have tumor, give rise to different symptoms, should pay attention to to observe to to give the the corresponding care. Such as the liver, brain metastasis, the onset of coma, convulsions, blurred vision, nurses should be given symptomatic treatment. Bone metastases should strengthen the physical protection, abdominal metastasis often occurs intestinal obstruction should be noted that observation of patients for abdominal distention, abdominal pain and other symptoms, patients often present with constipation due to weakness, fatigue, reduced activity, reason, and shall promptly give enema or laxative laxative. Malnutrition, low plasma protein may be edema, by increase nutrition,
Taigaohuanzhi and other measures to reduce edema., Psychological care: advanced lung cancer patients have mental anxiety, fear, sadness, and often appear cold, alone, should be placed in a single room, cordial language, sincere and to encourage patients to disclose their psychological feelings, in a timely manner to enlighten patients take the initiative to introduce the information of the condition improved. For the care of patients with advanced lung cancer is to control symptoms, to alleviate the suffering of the patient, to create a comfortable cultivation environment, and give the patient the greatest spiritual support and psychological comfort.Post-operative careTo ban patients from smoking after lung cancer surgery, so as not to promote relapse. Lung function, and to instruct patients to gradually increase the workout. Attention to patient recovery, if recurrence should be immediately to the hospital for a medical practitioner consulted, and decide whether line radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Lung squamous cell carcinoma after surgery tend to invade the local cause intrathoracic recurrence. Lung adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma distant metastasis, such transfer to the lymph nodes, bone, liver, brain and the contralateral lung. Should always pay attention to the patients with and without fever, drama cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, visual changes, liver pain, bone pain, supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, etc., made the view of the above symptoms should promptly go to the hospital . At the same time, the patient should be regularly go to the hospital for chest fluoroscopy, and stay fresh sputum investigation of cancer cells.Postoperative diet1, eat more foods containing vitamin C, vitamin C is a tumor suppressor substance, can block the formation of cancer cells. Such as fresh vegetables and fruits, such as green, yellow, red vegetables, and black fungus, almond milk, water chestnuts, asparagus, lemon, red dates, garlic, etc..
2, can be used to enhance immunity, contribute to the drugs that inhibit cancer cells the role of food, such as turtles, yellow croaker, sweet almond, walnut, jujube, shiitake mushrooms.3, the performance of in accordance with the its symptoms a different, in a targeted manner selection of there are cough, antipyretic, to stop bleeding, Shun gas, Kuanxiong, analgesic of the food of the the role of, in order to relieve suffering, and and enhance treatment of confidence.4, do not eat or eat spicy food, including fried foods; avoid eating shrimp, crabs and other allergenic foods; not smoking and not drinking.5, to the the nutrition, a comprehensive rich.Lung cancer - preventionLung cancer (a) the prohibition and control of smoking: Smoking is a major factor for lung cancer caused by.(B) to reduce the hazards of industrial pollution:1, workers in the dust polluted environment, with face masks or other protective mask to reduce inhalation of harmful substances.2, to improve the ventilation of the workplace environment, reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the air.3, type Arts of the transformation of production processes, reduce the generation of hazardous substances.(C) of the reduce environmental pollution: the atmospheric pollution is an important of lung cancer caused factor. 3,4 - stupid, and pyrene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Reduce environmental pollution and measures the following aspects:1, limiting the development of urban motor vehicle, improving the combustion device of the motor vehicle, reduce the discharge of toxic gases.2, sound energy to gradually replace or eliminate the harmful energy.3, improved indoor ventilation, to reduce harmful substances in the small environment.(Four) In the the the spirit of aspects of, we should to maintain the spirit of pleasant upward, can not for a number of trivial matter while the glum.(E) The diet should be rich in nutrition, vitamins A, D and should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.
