Stroke Hemiplegia-What is a stroke hemiplegia?
Stroke hemiplegia is the most common sequelae of stroke.Stroke hemiplegic limb weakness, adverse activities or totally unable to. Hemiplegic patients is often accompanied by ipsilateral limb sensory disturbances such as hot and cold I do not know, such as pain feel. Sometimes can be accompanied by ipsilateral visual field defect, performance level as the front can not see the paralyzed side of the items or come to his head toward the paralyzed side to see.
Stroke hemiplegia - auraStroke hemiplegia (1) dizziness, sudden dizziness;⑵ headache weekdays headache headache suddenly increase or intermittent headache to persistent severe headache;⑶ numbness, suddenly felt the side of the face or hands and feet numbness, and some for tongue hemp lip hemp or side of the lower limb tingling;⑷ sudden unilateral weakness or activity is not flexible, when the hair stops;⑸ temporarily slurred speech, or speech is not working;⑹ sudden unexplained falls or fainting;⑺ mental changes, a brief loss of consciousness, sudden change in personality and short-term judgment or mental retardation;⑻ drowsiness, that is sleepy all day;⑼ suddenly appeared only temporary blurred vision or conscious in front a blackout, and even sudden blindness of the moment;⑽ nausea and vomiting, or hiccups, or blood pressure fluctuations accompanied by dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus;⑾ side or a limb twitching involuntarily;⑿ nose bleeding, frequent nose bleeding.Stroke hemiplegia - Disease OverviewOther risk factors of stroke hemiplegic stroke hemiplegia there are many, have a relationship with age, habits, etc.. The older, more dangerous, incidence rates increased significantly after the age of 55. Smoking, drinking and other bad habits will increase the risk of stroke.The elderly prone to stroke, but it is not only the elderly will occur stroke. Stroke can occur at any age, from children, young adults to the elderly can occur, but more common in the elderly. Why, then, would be more common in the elderly it? Understanding on this issue, we must first know the basic cause of the stroke.Generally speaking, it is the basic cause of two aspects: the hemodynamic basis of vascular disease basis and vascular flow. The former to artery atherosclerosis or (and) hypertensive small arteriosclerosis, arteritis is more common; the latter is the main change for blood components and blood pressure factors, including hemodynamic changes. When the rough wall, blood flow is slow, low blood pressure, is conducive to blood clotting, that is caused by ischemic stroke; If the flow of blood containing the emboli (emboli from the heart, artery atherosclerosis small plaques, and even tumor cell mass), they can be the same as the stopper, the corresponding diameter of blood vessel blockages in the flow process, resulting in ischemic stroke.Stroke hemiplegia - risk factors⑴ hypertension: cause of stroke risk factors, 80%? Of stroke patients have a history of hypertension. Sharp rise in diastolic blood pressure or blood pressure fluctuations and more prone to stroke.(2) heart disease: coronary artery disease often accompanied by cerebral arteriosclerosis; rheumatic heart disease could easily cause a brain embolism.⑶ diabetes: about 10% to 30% of stroke patients with diabetes? Diabetic patients with high blood viscosity, and more atherosclerosis.⑷ cerebral arteriosclerosis: the basis of the stroke. That arteriosclerotic cerebral infarction and increased blood cholesterol and elevated low-density lipoprotein.⑸: cervical disease, pregnancy, age, gender, obesity, smoking and drinking, brash, climate and seasons are all risk factors.
Stroke hemiplegia - treatment of diseaseStroke hemiplegia - treatment after suffering a stroke, most patients are left over from paralysis, not only because life can not take care of themselves also imposes a heavier burden to families and society, how to make paralyzed limbs to restore function to patients suffering patients and their families the most urgent desire. We mainly in combination therapy, and achieved satisfactory results. It includes aspects of traditional Chinese medicine dialectical theory of governance, acupuncture, massage and massage.A, Chinese dialectical therapy1, Qi and Blood: dried up do not, or numbness, both Kouyanwaixie, language disadvantage, looking minimalist, shortness of breath, weakness, purple tongue or ecchymosis, white coating, thready pulse astringent or weakness.Governing Law: Yiqihuoxue stasis meridians.Recipe: Buyanghuanwu Decoction. Astragalus, Angelica, Chuanxiong, peach, red peony root, earthworm, Cyathula, Millettia, papaya, loofah, etc.2, Yin wind Yang interference type: dizzy tinnitus, hemiplegia, Kouyanwaixie,, language incomprehensible, red tongue, yellow, pulse a few strings.Governing Law: Yuk Yin yang, promoting blood circulation network.Recipe: Tianmagouteng decoction. Tianma, abalone, Tribulus terrestris, gun turtle shell, silkworm, skullcap, gardenia, Achyranthes, Angelica, Chuanxiong, red peony root, earth elementSecond, the acupuncture treatmentNeedle body: upper extremity: shoulder Yu, Qu pool, external relations, gu, in the example of lower extremity: rank side Yanglingquan, foot Three Mile, Xie River, the Taichong new face acupuncture: District of upper limb, lower limb area, liver, spleen Scalp: contralateral motor areas of the scalpThe three of massage and massage, massage, and massagePatients prone position, press the back of the cases, liver Yu, the gall Yu, Geshu Shenshu, rank side, then roll the France release.Patients lateral position (affected side) using the rubbing method, rolling the treatment of ipsilateral site.To take France to the treatment of limb soft tissue.Acupuncture, such as knee eyes, the Committee, Cheng-shan, V rabbit, wind, Xie River and so on.Finally, twist the law and an end.Second, cerebral vascular accident (stroke) have a higher prevalence in the elderly, mostly associated with hemiplegia. Exercise therapy in the treatment of stroke, paralysis is an important means of which the toe of the exercise and training is crucial. Because the toe is the end of the entire lower extremity motor and sensory, motor and sensory recovery can affect the entire lower extremity motor and sensory extent. And stimulate the muscle response induced by dorsiflexion ankle dorsiflexion ability to speed up the recovery of lower limb motor function.Toe early training by the physician or family members to help patients toes with both hands, so that it repeatedly feel the toe flexion and extension movements, friction foot on the back muscles to stimulate the feeling of patients with right toe flexion, extension. 20 times each, 2 or 3 times daily training.When the patient can feel the toe flexor stretch position, the help of therapists or family members, and gradually promote the patients to increase the power of independent movement, completed toe stretching and ankle dorsiflexion movement, and then bring the whole foot dorsiflexion This process requires the daily insisted, step by step, patients and their families should have the patience.Stroke hemiplegic patients toe training should begin early, can be carried out after the danger period. Of course, the exercise therapy for hemiplegia to be comprehensive, not only the toe and ankle, should also include the extension of the knee joint movement and hip adduction and external rotation, and upper extremity joint movement, so that parties can make patients in a relatively the greatest degree of recovery in the short period of time.Stroke hemiplegia - diagnosis and treatmentStroke, paralysis, hemiplegia early; sent to the hospital where contention points wins the banknote, fight for thrombolysis within the validity period, lowering blood pressure, lowering blood pressure, diuretic, reducing the intracranial pressure, treatment of the primary disease, control of cerebral edema and necrosis. reduce brain tissue damage and reduce complications. Stable condition after the second stage, which takes about 2-7 days, depending on the illness.Stage II to continue the treatment of primary disease. Plus rehabilitation treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, this disease is the key to the treatment of the key, depending on the prognosis of patients with good or bad, related to the level of quality of life in patients after as soon as possible. Doctors to be highly clinically effective drugs available, the medical profession is trying to power off to solve this common problem. Heads of medical advertisements or rain, doubtful, and difficult to deal with patients and their families. Really effective drugs Quo, the people, is more beneficial to society as a whole. On the contrary, the hazards and large, the harm to patients is irreversible. Cerebral blood through oral solution used for this stage, a significant effect of rehabilitation, clinical thrombolysis blank to fill in this period, the wise man does not imitate a try, including three hospitals, 2 -6 days effective to improve the efficacy of a visible Medication 6 Sky One course of treatment, 2-6 treatment all the more self-care, reduce morbidity, improve quality of life. During this period, patients need help to stand up activity massage the joints of the paralyzed limb, to strengthen the cognitive, swallowing, language and motor function training; strengthening exercises must be able to come down to earth, but also the combination of acupuncture, physiotherapy, medicine bath comprehensive measures for rehabilitation to to cure eyesight. About 20-40 days.III: the third stage, some patients after the treatment, is leaving some of the fallout. Must adhere to continue rehabilitation, convinced that the concept of rehabilitation, strengthening physical exercise until the symptoms disappear or improve. After six months, the after-effects would be difficult to restore, but not lose confidence, so return to top condition. Must adhere to the late blood pressure, anticoagulation, regular thrombolysis (preferably every six months, each 1 - or 2 courses) to prevent recurrence.Secondly, a comprehensive and thorough rehabilitation stroke, paralysis, the the triple Zhitan from three aspects combined treatment of diseases, good to solve the problem can not be fully recovered.I wake up: stasis CROOFirst clear the brain deposition of waste, gradually resurrected the already damaged brain cells, the brain of the dominant features of the human body recovered, so to speak, express, and so the language barrier is solved;2, two-way: through the meridiansRepair it well to get through the meridian system of patients with impaired function of the movement is dominated by by meridians conduction to the meridian conduction unblocked and restored, you will be able to go active, they do not someone else side feces urine side, life will also be able to is the basic self-care;3, three broken: broken bolt clear the bloodQuickly cleared the thrombus to blood a good environmental governance, the formation of blood clots to eliminate hidden dangers, you no longer have to worry about the risk of secondary recurrence.It is precisely because [Banger health musk anti tied pill] when I wake up two pass broken special effects, and allows patients to the three-level, complete three-level, the family will also be able to completely freed.
Stroke hemiplegia - family first aidFamily emergency stroke, paralysis can occur at any place, but more common in the home, home sudden stroke hemiplegia how to do? No matter what form of stroke, family members do not panic, to realize that emergency rescue in the home is very important, handled timely and properly related to the future condition of development, so to grasp some of the primary family emergency very necessary.Once the home occurred in stroke, paralysis, to try to put the patient carried the bed, the patient propped correct handling two to three individuals at the same time lift, one boosting the patient's head and shoulders, keep your head from the shock , boosting the patient's back and buttocks of another person, a person boosting the patient's buttocks and legs department, so the patient quiet and lying down, head slightly higher and slightly backwards, if there is vomiting, then head to one side. so as not to vomit choke into the trachea. Then unlock the collar of the patient, if dentures should be removed, if snoring can hand hold the lower jaw of the patient, the patient's tongue with gauze or a handkerchief to wrap pull to the front, so that the patient's airway to maintain good ventilation condition .At this point, you can ask the doctor to come to first aid, can also be a slight improvement in stable condition timely rescue the evacuation hospital, the patient should be sent to a hospital, to avoid long bumps caused by exacerbations. Upstairs down handling patients, we must maintain the head at the top, feet below, in order to reduce the brain congestion, it is best to allow patients to lie flat on a stretcher handling. Remember that the removal action should be gentle, but also minimize unnecessary handling.Stroke hemiplegia - prevention measuresCounseling, mental activity, the performance of neural functional activity in the brain. Sudden stroke, paralysis, makes brain function by a sudden injury, often results in varying degrees of psychological reactions. One usually looks good, hand, foot and suddenly in a short period of time not to obey orders, life can not take care of themselves, to speak the people do not understand. Such drastic changes in the scene, the patient would have caused a lot of psychological trauma.Stroke hemiplegic patients are most concerned about the healthy than the paralysis of the limbs, they can all day To this end anxiety. Excessive emotional tension, a long day, do not think of tea, rice do not want to, it will cause poor nutritional status of the body's weakened immune system complications also increasing. Some patients due to paralysis of limbs, life can not take care of themselves, often depressed, low self-esteem, life of people all day long depression, sadness, young people, paralysis of limbs to worry about the breakdown of the marriage, the elderly, fear of "chronic illness dutiful son", and the sad look, saddened; treatment is not satisfactory over a period of time, some patients feel the impatience and annoyance, often a trifle angry; some patients the presence of family members, everything dependent on, would have its own cuisine, but also let others to do.Stroke hemiplegic patients to enter psychological treatment and care is very important. In psychotherapy to help patients learn to actively engage in psychological adjustment and self-control, the right to treat the disease, and establish the confidence to overcome the disease. Allow them to maintain a happy and optimistic mood, eliminate the fear and pessimism, and swing off a distracting and actively cooperate with medical treatment, and adhere to the active exercise and passive exercise.To patients in psychotherapy and psychological care, the best to create a quiet, comfortable environment, which will help to improve the patient's physical and mental health and maintain a good state of mind, emotional stability, and can increase the effect of psychological treatment.All family members should actively care, thoughtfulness, respect and understanding of patients so that patients feel the warmth and care of the family. Before the patient must not be agitated, hate or random reprimanded patients, nor dumb, ignore the patient. To treat the patient's reasonable needs, to try to try to meet it.Stroke hemiplegia patient's mental disorder is often barriers to raising activities, and further cause of mental retardation and emotional disorders. Alone can not rely on the use of drugs to restore the patient's cranial nerve function and, more importantly, according to the patients of different educational level, from simple to complex, guiding patients to carry out the analysis, summarized, judgment, reasoning, and help him to re-understanding of the surrounding things.As long as the condition, stroke patients are also encouraged to ambulation, appropriate exercise, and daily life as far as possible take care of themselves, and whatever some housework, learning, entertainment and social activities, and gradually restore the community to adapt to this patient has a positive impact on the psychological.Stroke hemiplegia - NursingHome care of stroke hemiplegiaFirst of all, psychological care to patients. Hemiplegic patients due to slow recovery, limited mobility and despair, mental depression and various psychological. Compassion and patience in the care of such patients should be respected and thoughtful care for them so that they muster the courage to live, and actively cooperate with treatment and self-exercise.Second, to prevent the occurrence of various complications. First to prevent bedsores from occurring due to the patients' physical activity is limited, prolonged bed rest, it is easy to cause hypostatic pneumonia and bone protruding parts of bedsores, so regular turning, generally once every two hours to turn over, to replace its supine .Never stand up when the drag, to prevent abrasion of skin on the bed. And bedsores prone parts such as sacral, hip, shoulder, elbow, lateral malleolus, heel, occipital and other parts of the examination, with 50% safflower alcohol massage, massage the palm of your hand or your thumb close to the skin, the pressure from light to weight from heavy to light, circular massage. Prominent bone at the available balloon or cotton ring mat, so that the protruding parts vacant, reducing pressure. Have to choose the right mattress, usually with a sponge pad or cushion bed. Incontinent patients should pay attention to maintaining skin and bedding dry. Give the patient a sponge bath with warm water on a regular basis, Cabei, local massage to promote blood circulation, improve the local nutritional status. For sweaty, wet mattresses be replaced at any time, after scrubbing the back, the sacrococcygeal rushed talcum powder.Third, we should prevent the limb muscle contractures and joint deformities. Should enable the patient to maintain good lying posture type to assist in its passive movement. Such as prevention of upper limb adduction, a pillow can be placed in the patient armpit; to prevent foot drop, splint can be given in the limb. Passive movement should be carried out as soon as possible to patients, daily passive motion of the joints 2 or 3 times, each time the direction of movement of each joint more than five times, the movement should be gentle, and should not rude, so as not to cause pain and damage tissue.The fourth, but also to prevent urinary tract infection. Sterile drainage bag of patients treated with indwelling catheter, change daily, close observation of urine color, odor, turbidity, if any, odor, compared with urinary tract infection, should be timely so that patients spend antibiotics. To encourage patients to drink more water to dilute the urine.Stroke hemiplegia Note1, create a good living room environment, so that patients feel happy and helps to stabilize the patient's mood, promote mental health.To maintain the patient's psychological balance, first to create a harmonious and warm atmosphere in the family, the lifting of patients with a variety of concerns and emotional burden and to avoid emotional stimuli.3, focusing on the prevention of the occurrence of complications. Common complication of pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, limb deformities, skin burns, intensive care should be under the guidance of a doctor.4, adhere to the rehabilitation training. Stroke patients with hemiplegia paralysis of limbs, language and mental retardation, and therefore should adhere to the rehabilitation training, to prevent the patient's muscle disuse atrophy and joint stiffness. Language and intelligence training.5, shall be provided with a nutritious and digestible food, meet the supply of proteins, salts and heat the water and eat a semi-liquid food, the paralyzed patients are often afraid of the urine as little as possible to the psychology of drinking water it is not right patients early in the morning of the paralyzed patients should have sufficient water supply, drink 1-2 cups of the salt water can prevent constipation. The food can not be too fine, pay attention to the dietary fiber intake, increased gastric motility, in order to prevent the occurrence of constipation. Avoid drinking tea, wine, coffee and fortunately irritant spicy food.In addition, patients with hemiplegia need for a long time lying on beds, and the action difficult, long duration and cause many patients to despair, loss of confidence in treatment, or even refuse treatment. Thus, helping patients with hemiplegia establish confidence is very important.Stroke hemiplegia food taboos(1) low-fat. Forbidden to eat food: fat, fat duck, fat goose, poultry skin, organ meats (liver, kidney, heart, brain), egg yolk, roe, bacon, sausage, shrimp, whole milk, cheese, chocolate, Crab , preserved eggs, yellow, lard, butter, cocoa butter, olive oil, cashew nuts, etc., because its ingredients mainly containing saturated fatty acid, allows cholesterol molecules into the liver to make blood cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased.(2) avoid using sucrose, fructose, sweets, sugary drinks, control the heat, because the sweets can be converted to fat. With diabetes in particular should pay attention to.(3) salt should not be too much daily control in less than five grams.(4) should not be smoking, drinking, tobacco and alcohol can accelerate the development of cerebral arteriosclerosis, and alcohol can make blood pressure rise induced stroke.(5) should not be fed, not to eat too much. Overeating, metabolism is strengthened, so that myocardial oxygen consumption increased significantly, increasing the burden on the heart.In addition, should not eat fried, fried and spicy spicy food.
Stroke hemiplegia - hazardsStroke hemiplegia of harm can not be ignored, sensory disturbances are many.Stroke hemiplegia one of the most common is the side of the body pain and hot and cold hypoesthesia;Second, limb paresthesia, such as numbness, tingling, sense of ant line, an electric shock, heaviness, cold or burning, etc.;Third, is the pain felt over-sensitive, if the patient is gently touched will feel the pain, even without the stimulus will have the feeling of pain.In short, the variety of sensory disturbances caused by stroke, paralysis, longer duration, sometimes more so than the hands and feet paralyzed patient suffering. Severe, the patient to eat is not fragrant, sleep well, affecting the rehabilitation of the ill. Health care workers and their families must be considerate to the patient, to try to alleviate the suffering of the patients. For example, gently massage the sick limbs, talk with the patient happy topic to distract the proper use of sedative analgesics. With the improvement of stroke disease, sensory disturbances will gradually disappear.
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Monday, June 25, 2012
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism-What is Hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism, also known as Graves' disease or diffuse toxic goiter.Hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disease, clinical manifestations are not limited to the thyroid, but a multi-system syndrome, including: the group of high metabolic disease, diffuse goiter, eye symptoms, skin lesions and thyroid extremitiesdiseases. The majority of patients also have high metabolic disease and goiter. Thyroid other than the performance of invasive endocrine exophthalmos can stand alone and not accompanied by a high metabolic disease.
Hyperthyroidism - disease descriptionFemale endocrine disorders can also cause hyperthyroidism typical cases the diagnosis is generally not difficult. In patients with mild cases of elderly and children, clinical manifestations of less rather than the typical diagnosis often be through laboratory tests.(A) The diagnostic significance of clinical manifestations and special attention to heat intolerance, sweating, agitation, satisfied Kang associated with weight loss, resting heart rate too fast, special eye sign, and goiter. Found in the thyroid vascular murmur, tremor, even with diagnostic significance.
(B) Under normal circumstances, the thyroid function tests in patients with hyperthyroidism T3, rT3 and and T4 increased blood concentrations of elevated T3 than T4, obviously. TSH below normal only seen in the more sensitive immunoradiometric assay.
The etiology of this disease is unknown, it is therefore not a cause of treatment and control of high metabolic disease group. Net of mental stress and other negative factors of the disease. The beginning of treatment, be proper rest and a variety of supportive therapy, and add enough calories and nutrients such as sugar, protein and various vitamins to correct the disease caused by consumption. Control hyperthyroidism disease group: ① anti-thyroid drugs; ② radioisotope iodine; ③ surgery.
Hyperthyroidism from all causes loss of feedback control mechanism of the normal thyroid secretion, caused by the abnormal increase of the main features of the disease a general term systemic hypermetabolism circulating thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism - symptoms and signsThe clinical manifestations of the the exophthalmos therapy of hyperthyroidism hyperthyroidism include goiter, brash, easily agitated, insomnia, his hands trembling, heat intolerance, sweating, skin moist but weight loss, appetite, hyperactivity, weight loss, heart palpitations, rapid pulse, strong (regular pulse rate above 100 beats per minute, rest and sleep is still faster), increased pulse pressure (mainly due to elevated systolic blood pressure), endocrine disorders (such as menstrual disorders), as well as weakness, fatigue, and limb-side muscle atrophy and so on. Pulse rate and pulse pressure is particularly important, and often can be used as an important symbol to determine severity and treatment effects.
Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disease caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone caused by a variety of factors. The main clinical manifestations of food, weight loss, fear of heat, sweating, palpitations, agitation high excitability of the metabolic syndrome, nerves and blood vessels to enhance, as well as varying degrees of goiter and exophthalmos, and other characteristics. The disease is more common and women into a few years the incidence of childhood hyperthyroidism upward trend. Slow onset, more than six months to one year after the onset of treatment. Typical cases are often the following performance: a high metabolic syndrome; 2, goiter; 3, exophthalmos;, nervous system symptoms; symptoms of the cardiovascular system; 6, the symptoms of the endocrine system; 7 digestive symptoms; 8, symptoms of blood and hematopoietic system; reproductive system symptoms; 10 motor system symptoms; 11, symptoms of the skin and extremities. Integrative Medicine, what method of treatment, according to medical advice. Must not casually buy drugs to cope with, be sure to doctors under the guidance system, the entire full amount of treatment. Avoid not treated early, inappropriate, not change card profusion. Western medicine is convenient, safe, usually does not cause irreversible thyroid damage, but its long course of treatment, recurrence rate, remission rate was 40% -60%, and Integrative Medicine and low recurrence rate, remission rate
Hyperthyroidism - Diseases etiologyThe hyperthyroidism characterization can be divided into: primary, secondary and high-functioning adenomas into three categories according to the cause of the hyperthyroidism.(1) primary hyperthyroidism is the most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in a goiter at the same time. Patient age in between 20 to 40 years. Swollen glands, diffuse, bilaterally symmetrical, often accompanied by exophthalmos, it is also known as Graves' disease.② secondary hyperthyroidism is less common, such as secondary hyperthyroidism in nodular goiter; the patient is first nodular goiter for many years, appeared after the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The age of onset more than 40 years. Glands showed a nodular swelling on both sides more than asymmetric, no eye, and prone to myocardial damage.③ high-functioning adenomas, rare, single, autonomous high-functioning nodules, nodules surrounding thyroid tissue in the thyroid gland showed atrophy changes. Patients had no exophthalmos.Hyperthyroidism - pathophysiologyGestational hyperthyroidism primary hyperthyroidism cause has not yet completely clear. TSH concentration in the blood of patients is not high, and some lower than normal; even applications of TSH promote shock wrapped also failed to stimulate the TSH concentration in the blood of these patients later found in the blood of patients with two types stimulate the thyroid gland autoantibodies, primary hyperthyroidism - kind of autoimmune disease.Types of antibodies, one is to stimulate thyroid function with TSH, but the substance of the role of time lasting than that of TSH (TSH half-life of only 30 minutes and the substance for 25 days) so called "long-acting thyroid hormone; another thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, two types of substances belong to the class G immunoglobulin, derived from lymphocytes, can inhibit TSH and TSH receptor binding, and thus strengthen the thyroid cell function, secretion of a large number of T3 and T4 .As for the cause of secondary hyperthyroidism and high-functioning adenomas, but also not entirely clear. Patient straight in the long-acting thyroid stimulating hormone, such as the concentration is not high, perhaps with nodular itself autonomous secretion disorder.Hyperthyroidism - hyperthyroidism typeThere are many types of hyperthyroidism, one of the most common diffuse toxic goiter, Graves' disease. Diffuse toxic goiter incidence and genetic and autoimmune factors, but whether the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and a number of predisposing factors (environmental Kang Su). If you avoid these triggers may not be the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or delay the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or alleviate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.In addition to the typical hyperthyroidism on clinical common:(1) T3 hyperthyroidism. T3 hyperthyroidism is the clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism, serum TT4 and FT4 is normal or even low, only T3 increased a class of hyperthyroidism.(2) T4 in hyperthyroidism, also known as thyroxine hyperthyroidism by serum of TT4 and FT4 increased, TT3, FT3 normal type of hyperthyroidism. In 1975, Turner First report the name of the T4 hyperthyroidism, its clinical manifestations and typical of hyperthyroidism, can occur in Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis, more common in middle-aged general poor, such as severe infection, surgery, malnutrition and other patients. Of TT3 and FT3, normal laboratory tests of serum TT4 and FT4 increased. Thyroid photo 131I rate was significantly higher thyroid tablets or T3 suppression test abnormalities.The needs of this disease and acute stress-induced hyperthyroidism (false T4 hyperthyroidism) identification. Stress in patients with hyperthyroidism is suffering from various acute or chronic systemic disease, because of the relationship of these diseases, the serum TT4, FT4 increased, TT3, FT3 normal or reduced, with the exception of a small number of patients with goiter outside other no hyperthyroidism evidence, when the primary disease is cured, the above-mentioned laboratory parameters in the near future return to normal.(3) children with hyperthyroidism. The incidence gradually increased to 3 years of age the highest incidence rate of 11-16-year-old girls than boys, a few call all children have a diffuse goiter and typical metabolic syndrome, exophthalmos is more common.(4) age-related hyperthyroidism. Due to physiological changes in the elderly, the function of body organs have varying degrees of loss, fibrosis and atrophy of the thyroid tissue to a certain degree of reduction in thyroid hormone secretion and peripheral tissue responses to thyroid hormone changes, senile hyperthyroidism clinical features: often not enlarged thyroid, or mild swelling, many accompanied by nodules; sudden eye or no obvious exophthalmos, high metabolic syndrome is not obvious, lack of appetite, hyperactivity, heat intolerance, sweating and irritability symptoms; often associated with other heart disease such as angina or myocardial infarction, and prone to arrhythmias and heart failure, more common in persistent AF; patients showed apathy was no desire like severe cases, lethargy, or was stupor, coma.(5) Apathetic hyperthyroidism. The type is a the hyperthyroidism special performance type. Contrary to the symptoms associated with typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, manifested as a kind of nervous depression hyperthyroidism. Apathetic hyperthyroidism clinical manifestations: loss of appetite, nausea, chills, dry skin, depression and looked indifferent, indifferent to the surrounding things; the spirit of thinking activity is slow, while answering delay problem, and sometimes difficulty concentrating, lazy action of few words; palpitations those of common, often accompanied by cardiac enlargement, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, eyes sunken, eyes Gao lag atheism, or even the eyelids droop.(6) occult hyperthyroidism. Occult hyperthyroidism is no typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, the disease to a system for the outstanding performance of a class of hyperthyroidism. Clinical type ① spirit type, for the outstanding performance of mental disorders, the patients showed inattention, distractibility, hallucinations, paranoia, depression, dementia, paranoia, mania, and even suicidal ideation, rage episodes. ② gastrointestinal type, often for the outstanding performance of diarrhea. More common in middle-aged patients stool frequency several times a day to ten several times ranging from a paste or water samples, containing undigested food, and some patients with vomiting or abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal hyperthyroidism vomiting, diarrhea, often accompanied by water and electrolyte disturbance, improper treatment of a serious condition likely to cause thyroid crisis, and life-threatening. ③ myopathy type, gravis and periodic paralysis. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism is not obvious or appeared later. The clinical manifestations of acute and chronic thyrotoxic myopathy, periodic paralysis, myasthenia gravis and ophthalmoplegia.Hyperthyroidism - diagnostic testsHyperthyroidism diagnostic tests rely on the typical clinical manifestations, and sometimes also combined with some special check. Hyperthyroidism commonly used special inspection methods as follows:A. The basal metabolic rate measurement can be calculated according to the pulse pressure and pulse rate, or the determination of basal metabolism string determination. The latter is more reliable, but the former is simple. Commonly calculated as follows: basal metabolic rate = (pulse rate + PP) -111. Determination of basal metabolic rate in a completely quiet, empty stomach. Normal ± l0%; increased to +20% to 30% of mild hyperthyroidism / 30% 60% moderate, 10 to 60 percent or more severe.Two. 131 the amount of thyroid photo of 131I rate determination of normal thyroid uptake within 24 hours for 30% to 40% of the human total. If within two hours thyroid uptake of 131 iodometric more than 25% of the total of the human body, or more than 50% of the total of the human body within 14 hours, and early appearance of the absorption of iodine 131 peak, can be diagnosed hyperthyroidism.3. Serum T3 and T4 levels, the determination of hyperthyroidism, serum T3 may be higher than about 4 times normal, and T4 only the normal two and a half times, T3 determination with high sensitivity to hyperthyroidism attending Jin
Like hyperthyroidism - Surgical treatmentThe hyperthyroidism subtotal thyroidectomy than moderate hyperthyroidism is still the most commonly used and effective therapy, 90% to 95% of the patients get cured, surgical deaths string of less than 1%. The disadvantage of surgical treatment are some complications and about 4% to 5% of patients after recurrence of hyperthyroidism, a small number of patients with postoperative hypothyroidism.Indications for surgical treatment of: ① The secondary hyperthyroidism or high-functioning adenomas; ② moderate primary hyperthyroidism; ③ glands large, with compression symptoms or substernal goiter and other types of hyperthyroidism; ④ antithyroid drugs or 131I therapy for relapse or difficult to adhere to the long-term medication.In addition, in view of hyperthyroidism, pregnancy can cause adverse effects (abortion, premature birth, etc.), but pregnancy may exacerbate hyperthyroidism, therefore, early pregnancy, the medium-term patients with hyperthyroidism who are of the above indications, surgical treatment should be considered. Surgery Contraindications: ① young patients; ② mild persons; the ③ elderly patients or have serious organic disease can not tolerate surgery.Preoperative preparation hyperthyroidism in order to avoid patients with hyperthyroidism in the basal metabolic rate is high-pitched to the risk of surgery, preoperative should be taken fully prepared to ensure the smooth operation and prevent the occurrence of postoperative complications.A. General provisions for psychological tension or insomnia may be appropriate sedation and sleeping pills in order to eliminate the feelings of the patient's fear. Rapid heart rate, oral reserpine O. 25mg or propranolol (Inderal) 10mg, 3 times a day. The occurrence of heart failure, digitalis preparations should be.Two. In addition to the comprehensive physical examination and necessary laboratory tests should also include: ① neck fluoroscopy or radiography preoperative examination, to understand whether compression or displacement of the trachea; (2) detailed examination of the heart whether to expand, murmur, or arrhythmia and for ECG; ③ laryngoscopy to determine the function of the vocal cords; ④ Determination of basal metabolic rate, the degree of hyperthyroidism, select the timing of surgery.3. The drug preparation is an important part of the technique used to reduce the basal metabolic rate. There are two ways: ① The first thiourea drugs, by reducing thyroid hormone synthesis, and inhibition of in vivo lymphocyte to produce its own antibodies to control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid hormone increased until symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the basic control, namely, change clothes 1-2 weeks of iodine, then surgery.Postoperative protection of hyperthyroidism 1. Anesthesia generally available cervical plexus block effects, understand the patient to pronounce avoid recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Huge retrosternal goiter compression of the trachea, or nervous mental disorders in patients with hyperthyroidism, should still be selected endotracheal anesthesia in order to ensure airway patency and smooth operation.Two. Surgery should be gentle, careful, careful hemostasis, pay attention to the protection of the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Should also be noted:(1) fully exposed the thyroid gland. Should be close to the thyroid very ligation, cut off the thyroid artery and vein, to avoid injury to the superior laryngeal nerve; to the inferior thyroid artery ligation, and should leave the glands on the back as far as possible, rely on the common carotid artery ligation its trunk, to avoid the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury .(2) Removal of the gland number, should be determined according to the size of the glands or hyperthyroidism extent. It usually takes 80% to 90% of the Removal of the gland, and removal of the isthmus; each side of the residual glands such as adult thumb tip size appropriate (about 3-4g). Glands removal too easily lead to relapse, too much prone to hypothyroidism (myxedema). Must save both lobes of the gland on the back part, so as not to damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid.(3) strict stop the bleeding. The larger blood vessels (such as the thyroid artery and vein, the thyroid, vein), should be double ligation to prevent slippage bleeding. The surgical field should be routinely place a rubber piece drainage 24-48 hours, and to observe and timely drainage of blood clots within the incision, to prevent blood clots compression of the trachea, causing suffocation.3. Postoperative observation and care after surgery the same day should pay close attention to changes in the patient breathing, body temperature, pulse, blood pressure; the incidence of thyroid crisis prevention. Such as pulse rate too fast, you can use the reserpine intramuscularly. The patient semi-recumbent position to facilitate breathing and drainage incision, blood clots: to help the patient promptly eliminated from the sputum, and to maintain airway patency. In addition, postoperative patients to continue taking the compound potassium iodide solution, 3 times a day. 10 drops each, a total of about one week; or 3 times a day, each 16 drops daily each reduced by a drop.Attention to matters hyperthyroidism disorders iodine's role is to inhibit proteolytic enzymes to reduce the decomposition of thyroglobulin, thus inhibiting the release of thyroid hormone, iodine can reduce the blood flow of the thyroid, the gland congestion reduction, and thus narrow the hardened . Commonly used iodine compound potassium iodide solution, 3 times a day; the first day of each 3 drops, 4 drops of each on the second day, after the daily increments of one drop to each 16 drops so far, and then maintain this dose. However, only iodine inhibit thyroid hormone release rather than inhibit its synthesis, so stop taking the iodine stored in the thyroid follicular thyroglobulin substantial decomposition. The re-emergence of symptoms of hyperthyroidism, even more serious than the original, who is not prepared to implement the surgery, not to take iodine.For routine use iodine or combined with alkali alloxan drugs can not be tolerated or ineffective, advocate with propranolol or together with the iodine for preoperative preparation. Propranolol is an adrenergic β-blockers, can control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, shorten the time of preoperative preparation, and medication does not cause the gland congestion, surgical operation, effect of thiourea drugs bad or severe reactions could be replaced by this drug. Propranolol can selectively block β receptors on various target organs and tissues sensitivity to catecholamines, and inhibiting the effects of epinephrine to improve the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Dose of oral administration of 1 every 6 hours, every 20 - 60mg, 4-7 in the future pulse rate dropped to normal levels, can perform an operation. Less than eight hours due to the effective half-life of propranolol in the body, so the last time oral propranolol before surgery l two hours; postoperative oral propranolol 4-7. In addition, before surgery, without atropine, so as not to cause tachycardia.Concurrent symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Postoperative respiratory difficulties and asphyxia occurred within 48 hours after surgery is most critical after complications. The common reasons: the ① incision bleeding compression of the trachea, due to surgery to stop bleeding (glands section hemostasis) imperfect, or vascular ligature slippage caused by the. ② laryngeal edema, mainly caused by surgical trauma. Can also be caused by tracheal intubation. ③ airway collapse. The wall of the airway long-term enlargement thyroid vine oppression, soften, softening of the tracheal wall lost support in most of the removal of the thyroid body. Patients of the latter two cases, due to airway blockage can occur Ming and acute respiratory resistance. The clinical manifestations of progressive shortness of breath, irritability, cyanosis. Or even suffocation. Such as swelling of the neck, the incision oozing blood, mostly incision bleeding caused. Found out that the situation must be immediately bedside rescue, cut sutures in a timely manner, open incision, the speedy removal of the hematoma; so when the patient breathing no improvement should be immediately implemented tracheotomy; the situation improved after sending the operating room for further of gold One, hemostatic, and other treatments. Therefore, patients should be routinely placed in the patient bedside sterile tracheotomy package and gloves to prepare for emergency.Two. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury rate of about 0.5%. Mostly due to the surgical treatment of thyroid pole, accidentally recurrent laryngeal nerve cut, suture or setback folder, traction caused by permanent or temporary injury caused. A few also by hematoma, or scar tissue compression or traction. Closely related to the consequences of injury and the nature of the injury (permanent or temporary) and range (unilateral or bilateral). The recurrent laryngeal nerve containing motor nerve fibers dominated the vocal cords. Side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, mostly caused by hoarseness after surgery, although by the contralateral vocal cord compensatory received to the ipsilateral excessive recovery pronunciation, but laryngoscopy shows ipsilateral vocal cord still not received, and therefore can not be restored the original tone. Full support of the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, depending on the injury, before the branch or a different plane and the posterior branch, can lead to aphonia or severe breathing difficulties, or asphyxia, requiring immediate tracheotomy. Surgical cut, suture fell folder, traction and direct the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, intraoperative immediate symptoms. Caused by hematoma compression, scar tissue pulling may be a few days after surgery before the onset of symptoms. Cut the suture caused a permanent injury setback folder, stretch, due to hematoma compression is more timely processing of the temporary manager spa, the general may be in three to six months, gradually restored.3. Laryngeal nerve injury occurred to the handling of the thyroid pole, too far away from the glands, separated carefully and the nerve and surrounding tissue with a large bunch of ligation caused. Laryngeal nerve, since the beginning of (feeling) and outside (movement) two. If the damage to the external branch makes the cricothyroid muscle paralysis, causing the vocal cords relaxation, lower tone. The internal branch of injury, throat mucosal sensory loss, eating especially drinking, it is easy swallowing choking. General manager after the treatment can restore itself.4. Tetany due to involvement due to accidental injury during surgery and parathyroid glands or their blood supply, the serum calcium concentration decreased to below 2.0mmol / L, severe cases can be reduced to 1.0-1.5mmol / L (normal 2.25-2.75mmol / L) neuromuscular stress was significantly higher, more than three days of the postoperative l tetany. The majority of patients, only the face, lip or hand and foot acupuncture-like numbness or a sense of rigidity, after 2-3 weeks, intact parathyroid hyperplasia hypertrophy play a compensatory role, the symptoms can disappear. In severe cases, there may be persistent spasm, facial and hand, foot pain associated with feeling daily seizure overcharged. Each lasting 10 to 20 minutes or longer, severe cases can occur in the larynx and diaphragm spasm, causing suffocation and death. The Thyroidectomy care to preserve the integrity of the glands on the back part of the. Thyroid specimens cut double-check the back of the parathyroid correct cut, found that when trying to transplant to the sternocleidomastoid medium, are the key to avoid this complication occurred.Occurrence of tetany, meat, dairy and eggs and other foods should be limited (due to higher phosphorus, affect the absorption of calcium). Seizure, immediate intravenous injection of 10% calcium gluconate or calcium chloride 10 to 20ml. Mild symptoms of oral calcium gluconate or calcium lactate 2-4g, 3 times a day; severe symptoms or long-term recovery, plus vitamin D3, and 5 in case of 100 000 U a day to promote the calcium in the intestine absorption. Oral oxygen speed sterol (dihydrotestosterone rapid change steroids) (DT10) oil can significantly improve the content of calcium in the blood, reducing the stress of the neuromuscular Can also be used with blood vessels of the thyroid - parathyroid transplantation of allogeneic5 Thyroid storm is a serious complication of hyperthyroidism. Clinical observations: crisis occurred with the preoperative preparation is not enough, the symptoms of hyperthyroidism is not well controlled and surgical stress. Crisis patients mainly as follows: fever (> 39 ° C), pulse (120 beats / min) concomitant nervous, circulatory and digestive systems, severe functional disorders such as irritability, delirium, sweating, vomiting, watery diarrhea reflects The disease is caused due to thyroid hormone excess release of the fulminant adrenaline excitement phenomenon. Without timely treatment, the rapid development of coma, collapse, shock and even death, the mortality rate is about 20% to 30%.Treatment includes: (1) adrenergic blockers: the choice of reserpine 1-2mg intramuscularly, or guanethidine 10 ~ 20mg oral. 4-8 hours after the former drug crisis can be eased; the latter in 12 hours onset of action. Can also be used propranolol 5mg plus 100ml intravenous infusion of 5% a 10% glucose solution to reduce the response to adrenaline of the surrounding tissue. (2) potassium iodide solution of iodine: oral compound, for the first time 3-5ml, 500ml of 10% glucose solution by adding 10% sodium iodide-10m1 emergency intravenous drip to reduce the level of thyroxine in the blood. (3) hydrocortisone: daily 200-400mg, graded intravenous infusion to antagonize too much thyroid hormone response. (4) sedative: Common phenobarbital sodium 100mg, or the lytic cocktail n half the amount, intramuscular injection of 6-8 hours (5) cooling: antipyretic, hibernation drugs and physical cooling methods, to maintain body temperature at 37 ℃. (6) of intravenous glucose solution to replenish their energy and oxygen, in order to reduce tissue hypoxia. (7) have heart failure, the addition of digitalis preparations..
Hyperthyroidism, also known as Graves' disease or diffuse toxic goiter.Hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disease, clinical manifestations are not limited to the thyroid, but a multi-system syndrome, including: the group of high metabolic disease, diffuse goiter, eye symptoms, skin lesions and thyroid extremitiesdiseases. The majority of patients also have high metabolic disease and goiter. Thyroid other than the performance of invasive endocrine exophthalmos can stand alone and not accompanied by a high metabolic disease.
Hyperthyroidism - disease descriptionFemale endocrine disorders can also cause hyperthyroidism typical cases the diagnosis is generally not difficult. In patients with mild cases of elderly and children, clinical manifestations of less rather than the typical diagnosis often be through laboratory tests.(A) The diagnostic significance of clinical manifestations and special attention to heat intolerance, sweating, agitation, satisfied Kang associated with weight loss, resting heart rate too fast, special eye sign, and goiter. Found in the thyroid vascular murmur, tremor, even with diagnostic significance.
(B) Under normal circumstances, the thyroid function tests in patients with hyperthyroidism T3, rT3 and and T4 increased blood concentrations of elevated T3 than T4, obviously. TSH below normal only seen in the more sensitive immunoradiometric assay.
The etiology of this disease is unknown, it is therefore not a cause of treatment and control of high metabolic disease group. Net of mental stress and other negative factors of the disease. The beginning of treatment, be proper rest and a variety of supportive therapy, and add enough calories and nutrients such as sugar, protein and various vitamins to correct the disease caused by consumption. Control hyperthyroidism disease group: ① anti-thyroid drugs; ② radioisotope iodine; ③ surgery.
Hyperthyroidism from all causes loss of feedback control mechanism of the normal thyroid secretion, caused by the abnormal increase of the main features of the disease a general term systemic hypermetabolism circulating thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism - symptoms and signsThe clinical manifestations of the the exophthalmos therapy of hyperthyroidism hyperthyroidism include goiter, brash, easily agitated, insomnia, his hands trembling, heat intolerance, sweating, skin moist but weight loss, appetite, hyperactivity, weight loss, heart palpitations, rapid pulse, strong (regular pulse rate above 100 beats per minute, rest and sleep is still faster), increased pulse pressure (mainly due to elevated systolic blood pressure), endocrine disorders (such as menstrual disorders), as well as weakness, fatigue, and limb-side muscle atrophy and so on. Pulse rate and pulse pressure is particularly important, and often can be used as an important symbol to determine severity and treatment effects.
Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disease caused by excessive secretion of thyroid hormone caused by a variety of factors. The main clinical manifestations of food, weight loss, fear of heat, sweating, palpitations, agitation high excitability of the metabolic syndrome, nerves and blood vessels to enhance, as well as varying degrees of goiter and exophthalmos, and other characteristics. The disease is more common and women into a few years the incidence of childhood hyperthyroidism upward trend. Slow onset, more than six months to one year after the onset of treatment. Typical cases are often the following performance: a high metabolic syndrome; 2, goiter; 3, exophthalmos;, nervous system symptoms; symptoms of the cardiovascular system; 6, the symptoms of the endocrine system; 7 digestive symptoms; 8, symptoms of blood and hematopoietic system; reproductive system symptoms; 10 motor system symptoms; 11, symptoms of the skin and extremities. Integrative Medicine, what method of treatment, according to medical advice. Must not casually buy drugs to cope with, be sure to doctors under the guidance system, the entire full amount of treatment. Avoid not treated early, inappropriate, not change card profusion. Western medicine is convenient, safe, usually does not cause irreversible thyroid damage, but its long course of treatment, recurrence rate, remission rate was 40% -60%, and Integrative Medicine and low recurrence rate, remission rate
Hyperthyroidism - Diseases etiologyThe hyperthyroidism characterization can be divided into: primary, secondary and high-functioning adenomas into three categories according to the cause of the hyperthyroidism.(1) primary hyperthyroidism is the most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism in a goiter at the same time. Patient age in between 20 to 40 years. Swollen glands, diffuse, bilaterally symmetrical, often accompanied by exophthalmos, it is also known as Graves' disease.② secondary hyperthyroidism is less common, such as secondary hyperthyroidism in nodular goiter; the patient is first nodular goiter for many years, appeared after the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The age of onset more than 40 years. Glands showed a nodular swelling on both sides more than asymmetric, no eye, and prone to myocardial damage.③ high-functioning adenomas, rare, single, autonomous high-functioning nodules, nodules surrounding thyroid tissue in the thyroid gland showed atrophy changes. Patients had no exophthalmos.Hyperthyroidism - pathophysiologyGestational hyperthyroidism primary hyperthyroidism cause has not yet completely clear. TSH concentration in the blood of patients is not high, and some lower than normal; even applications of TSH promote shock wrapped also failed to stimulate the TSH concentration in the blood of these patients later found in the blood of patients with two types stimulate the thyroid gland autoantibodies, primary hyperthyroidism - kind of autoimmune disease.Types of antibodies, one is to stimulate thyroid function with TSH, but the substance of the role of time lasting than that of TSH (TSH half-life of only 30 minutes and the substance for 25 days) so called "long-acting thyroid hormone; another thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, two types of substances belong to the class G immunoglobulin, derived from lymphocytes, can inhibit TSH and TSH receptor binding, and thus strengthen the thyroid cell function, secretion of a large number of T3 and T4 .As for the cause of secondary hyperthyroidism and high-functioning adenomas, but also not entirely clear. Patient straight in the long-acting thyroid stimulating hormone, such as the concentration is not high, perhaps with nodular itself autonomous secretion disorder.Hyperthyroidism - hyperthyroidism typeThere are many types of hyperthyroidism, one of the most common diffuse toxic goiter, Graves' disease. Diffuse toxic goiter incidence and genetic and autoimmune factors, but whether the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and a number of predisposing factors (environmental Kang Su). If you avoid these triggers may not be the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or delay the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or alleviate the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.In addition to the typical hyperthyroidism on clinical common:(1) T3 hyperthyroidism. T3 hyperthyroidism is the clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism, serum TT4 and FT4 is normal or even low, only T3 increased a class of hyperthyroidism.(2) T4 in hyperthyroidism, also known as thyroxine hyperthyroidism by serum of TT4 and FT4 increased, TT3, FT3 normal type of hyperthyroidism. In 1975, Turner First report the name of the T4 hyperthyroidism, its clinical manifestations and typical of hyperthyroidism, can occur in Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis, more common in middle-aged general poor, such as severe infection, surgery, malnutrition and other patients. Of TT3 and FT3, normal laboratory tests of serum TT4 and FT4 increased. Thyroid photo 131I rate was significantly higher thyroid tablets or T3 suppression test abnormalities.The needs of this disease and acute stress-induced hyperthyroidism (false T4 hyperthyroidism) identification. Stress in patients with hyperthyroidism is suffering from various acute or chronic systemic disease, because of the relationship of these diseases, the serum TT4, FT4 increased, TT3, FT3 normal or reduced, with the exception of a small number of patients with goiter outside other no hyperthyroidism evidence, when the primary disease is cured, the above-mentioned laboratory parameters in the near future return to normal.(3) children with hyperthyroidism. The incidence gradually increased to 3 years of age the highest incidence rate of 11-16-year-old girls than boys, a few call all children have a diffuse goiter and typical metabolic syndrome, exophthalmos is more common.(4) age-related hyperthyroidism. Due to physiological changes in the elderly, the function of body organs have varying degrees of loss, fibrosis and atrophy of the thyroid tissue to a certain degree of reduction in thyroid hormone secretion and peripheral tissue responses to thyroid hormone changes, senile hyperthyroidism clinical features: often not enlarged thyroid, or mild swelling, many accompanied by nodules; sudden eye or no obvious exophthalmos, high metabolic syndrome is not obvious, lack of appetite, hyperactivity, heat intolerance, sweating and irritability symptoms; often associated with other heart disease such as angina or myocardial infarction, and prone to arrhythmias and heart failure, more common in persistent AF; patients showed apathy was no desire like severe cases, lethargy, or was stupor, coma.(5) Apathetic hyperthyroidism. The type is a the hyperthyroidism special performance type. Contrary to the symptoms associated with typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, manifested as a kind of nervous depression hyperthyroidism. Apathetic hyperthyroidism clinical manifestations: loss of appetite, nausea, chills, dry skin, depression and looked indifferent, indifferent to the surrounding things; the spirit of thinking activity is slow, while answering delay problem, and sometimes difficulty concentrating, lazy action of few words; palpitations those of common, often accompanied by cardiac enlargement, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, eyes sunken, eyes Gao lag atheism, or even the eyelids droop.(6) occult hyperthyroidism. Occult hyperthyroidism is no typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism, the disease to a system for the outstanding performance of a class of hyperthyroidism. Clinical type ① spirit type, for the outstanding performance of mental disorders, the patients showed inattention, distractibility, hallucinations, paranoia, depression, dementia, paranoia, mania, and even suicidal ideation, rage episodes. ② gastrointestinal type, often for the outstanding performance of diarrhea. More common in middle-aged patients stool frequency several times a day to ten several times ranging from a paste or water samples, containing undigested food, and some patients with vomiting or abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal hyperthyroidism vomiting, diarrhea, often accompanied by water and electrolyte disturbance, improper treatment of a serious condition likely to cause thyroid crisis, and life-threatening. ③ myopathy type, gravis and periodic paralysis. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism is not obvious or appeared later. The clinical manifestations of acute and chronic thyrotoxic myopathy, periodic paralysis, myasthenia gravis and ophthalmoplegia.Hyperthyroidism - diagnostic testsHyperthyroidism diagnostic tests rely on the typical clinical manifestations, and sometimes also combined with some special check. Hyperthyroidism commonly used special inspection methods as follows:A. The basal metabolic rate measurement can be calculated according to the pulse pressure and pulse rate, or the determination of basal metabolism string determination. The latter is more reliable, but the former is simple. Commonly calculated as follows: basal metabolic rate = (pulse rate + PP) -111. Determination of basal metabolic rate in a completely quiet, empty stomach. Normal ± l0%; increased to +20% to 30% of mild hyperthyroidism / 30% 60% moderate, 10 to 60 percent or more severe.Two. 131 the amount of thyroid photo of 131I rate determination of normal thyroid uptake within 24 hours for 30% to 40% of the human total. If within two hours thyroid uptake of 131 iodometric more than 25% of the total of the human body, or more than 50% of the total of the human body within 14 hours, and early appearance of the absorption of iodine 131 peak, can be diagnosed hyperthyroidism.3. Serum T3 and T4 levels, the determination of hyperthyroidism, serum T3 may be higher than about 4 times normal, and T4 only the normal two and a half times, T3 determination with high sensitivity to hyperthyroidism attending Jin
Like hyperthyroidism - Surgical treatmentThe hyperthyroidism subtotal thyroidectomy than moderate hyperthyroidism is still the most commonly used and effective therapy, 90% to 95% of the patients get cured, surgical deaths string of less than 1%. The disadvantage of surgical treatment are some complications and about 4% to 5% of patients after recurrence of hyperthyroidism, a small number of patients with postoperative hypothyroidism.Indications for surgical treatment of: ① The secondary hyperthyroidism or high-functioning adenomas; ② moderate primary hyperthyroidism; ③ glands large, with compression symptoms or substernal goiter and other types of hyperthyroidism; ④ antithyroid drugs or 131I therapy for relapse or difficult to adhere to the long-term medication.In addition, in view of hyperthyroidism, pregnancy can cause adverse effects (abortion, premature birth, etc.), but pregnancy may exacerbate hyperthyroidism, therefore, early pregnancy, the medium-term patients with hyperthyroidism who are of the above indications, surgical treatment should be considered. Surgery Contraindications: ① young patients; ② mild persons; the ③ elderly patients or have serious organic disease can not tolerate surgery.Preoperative preparation hyperthyroidism in order to avoid patients with hyperthyroidism in the basal metabolic rate is high-pitched to the risk of surgery, preoperative should be taken fully prepared to ensure the smooth operation and prevent the occurrence of postoperative complications.A. General provisions for psychological tension or insomnia may be appropriate sedation and sleeping pills in order to eliminate the feelings of the patient's fear. Rapid heart rate, oral reserpine O. 25mg or propranolol (Inderal) 10mg, 3 times a day. The occurrence of heart failure, digitalis preparations should be.Two. In addition to the comprehensive physical examination and necessary laboratory tests should also include: ① neck fluoroscopy or radiography preoperative examination, to understand whether compression or displacement of the trachea; (2) detailed examination of the heart whether to expand, murmur, or arrhythmia and for ECG; ③ laryngoscopy to determine the function of the vocal cords; ④ Determination of basal metabolic rate, the degree of hyperthyroidism, select the timing of surgery.3. The drug preparation is an important part of the technique used to reduce the basal metabolic rate. There are two ways: ① The first thiourea drugs, by reducing thyroid hormone synthesis, and inhibition of in vivo lymphocyte to produce its own antibodies to control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid hormone increased until symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the basic control, namely, change clothes 1-2 weeks of iodine, then surgery.Postoperative protection of hyperthyroidism 1. Anesthesia generally available cervical plexus block effects, understand the patient to pronounce avoid recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Huge retrosternal goiter compression of the trachea, or nervous mental disorders in patients with hyperthyroidism, should still be selected endotracheal anesthesia in order to ensure airway patency and smooth operation.Two. Surgery should be gentle, careful, careful hemostasis, pay attention to the protection of the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Should also be noted:(1) fully exposed the thyroid gland. Should be close to the thyroid very ligation, cut off the thyroid artery and vein, to avoid injury to the superior laryngeal nerve; to the inferior thyroid artery ligation, and should leave the glands on the back as far as possible, rely on the common carotid artery ligation its trunk, to avoid the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury .(2) Removal of the gland number, should be determined according to the size of the glands or hyperthyroidism extent. It usually takes 80% to 90% of the Removal of the gland, and removal of the isthmus; each side of the residual glands such as adult thumb tip size appropriate (about 3-4g). Glands removal too easily lead to relapse, too much prone to hypothyroidism (myxedema). Must save both lobes of the gland on the back part, so as not to damage the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid.(3) strict stop the bleeding. The larger blood vessels (such as the thyroid artery and vein, the thyroid, vein), should be double ligation to prevent slippage bleeding. The surgical field should be routinely place a rubber piece drainage 24-48 hours, and to observe and timely drainage of blood clots within the incision, to prevent blood clots compression of the trachea, causing suffocation.3. Postoperative observation and care after surgery the same day should pay close attention to changes in the patient breathing, body temperature, pulse, blood pressure; the incidence of thyroid crisis prevention. Such as pulse rate too fast, you can use the reserpine intramuscularly. The patient semi-recumbent position to facilitate breathing and drainage incision, blood clots: to help the patient promptly eliminated from the sputum, and to maintain airway patency. In addition, postoperative patients to continue taking the compound potassium iodide solution, 3 times a day. 10 drops each, a total of about one week; or 3 times a day, each 16 drops daily each reduced by a drop.Attention to matters hyperthyroidism disorders iodine's role is to inhibit proteolytic enzymes to reduce the decomposition of thyroglobulin, thus inhibiting the release of thyroid hormone, iodine can reduce the blood flow of the thyroid, the gland congestion reduction, and thus narrow the hardened . Commonly used iodine compound potassium iodide solution, 3 times a day; the first day of each 3 drops, 4 drops of each on the second day, after the daily increments of one drop to each 16 drops so far, and then maintain this dose. However, only iodine inhibit thyroid hormone release rather than inhibit its synthesis, so stop taking the iodine stored in the thyroid follicular thyroglobulin substantial decomposition. The re-emergence of symptoms of hyperthyroidism, even more serious than the original, who is not prepared to implement the surgery, not to take iodine.For routine use iodine or combined with alkali alloxan drugs can not be tolerated or ineffective, advocate with propranolol or together with the iodine for preoperative preparation. Propranolol is an adrenergic β-blockers, can control the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, shorten the time of preoperative preparation, and medication does not cause the gland congestion, surgical operation, effect of thiourea drugs bad or severe reactions could be replaced by this drug. Propranolol can selectively block β receptors on various target organs and tissues sensitivity to catecholamines, and inhibiting the effects of epinephrine to improve the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Dose of oral administration of 1 every 6 hours, every 20 - 60mg, 4-7 in the future pulse rate dropped to normal levels, can perform an operation. Less than eight hours due to the effective half-life of propranolol in the body, so the last time oral propranolol before surgery l two hours; postoperative oral propranolol 4-7. In addition, before surgery, without atropine, so as not to cause tachycardia.Concurrent symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Postoperative respiratory difficulties and asphyxia occurred within 48 hours after surgery is most critical after complications. The common reasons: the ① incision bleeding compression of the trachea, due to surgery to stop bleeding (glands section hemostasis) imperfect, or vascular ligature slippage caused by the. ② laryngeal edema, mainly caused by surgical trauma. Can also be caused by tracheal intubation. ③ airway collapse. The wall of the airway long-term enlargement thyroid vine oppression, soften, softening of the tracheal wall lost support in most of the removal of the thyroid body. Patients of the latter two cases, due to airway blockage can occur Ming and acute respiratory resistance. The clinical manifestations of progressive shortness of breath, irritability, cyanosis. Or even suffocation. Such as swelling of the neck, the incision oozing blood, mostly incision bleeding caused. Found out that the situation must be immediately bedside rescue, cut sutures in a timely manner, open incision, the speedy removal of the hematoma; so when the patient breathing no improvement should be immediately implemented tracheotomy; the situation improved after sending the operating room for further of gold One, hemostatic, and other treatments. Therefore, patients should be routinely placed in the patient bedside sterile tracheotomy package and gloves to prepare for emergency.Two. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury rate of about 0.5%. Mostly due to the surgical treatment of thyroid pole, accidentally recurrent laryngeal nerve cut, suture or setback folder, traction caused by permanent or temporary injury caused. A few also by hematoma, or scar tissue compression or traction. Closely related to the consequences of injury and the nature of the injury (permanent or temporary) and range (unilateral or bilateral). The recurrent laryngeal nerve containing motor nerve fibers dominated the vocal cords. Side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, mostly caused by hoarseness after surgery, although by the contralateral vocal cord compensatory received to the ipsilateral excessive recovery pronunciation, but laryngoscopy shows ipsilateral vocal cord still not received, and therefore can not be restored the original tone. Full support of the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, depending on the injury, before the branch or a different plane and the posterior branch, can lead to aphonia or severe breathing difficulties, or asphyxia, requiring immediate tracheotomy. Surgical cut, suture fell folder, traction and direct the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, intraoperative immediate symptoms. Caused by hematoma compression, scar tissue pulling may be a few days after surgery before the onset of symptoms. Cut the suture caused a permanent injury setback folder, stretch, due to hematoma compression is more timely processing of the temporary manager spa, the general may be in three to six months, gradually restored.3. Laryngeal nerve injury occurred to the handling of the thyroid pole, too far away from the glands, separated carefully and the nerve and surrounding tissue with a large bunch of ligation caused. Laryngeal nerve, since the beginning of (feeling) and outside (movement) two. If the damage to the external branch makes the cricothyroid muscle paralysis, causing the vocal cords relaxation, lower tone. The internal branch of injury, throat mucosal sensory loss, eating especially drinking, it is easy swallowing choking. General manager after the treatment can restore itself.4. Tetany due to involvement due to accidental injury during surgery and parathyroid glands or their blood supply, the serum calcium concentration decreased to below 2.0mmol / L, severe cases can be reduced to 1.0-1.5mmol / L (normal 2.25-2.75mmol / L) neuromuscular stress was significantly higher, more than three days of the postoperative l tetany. The majority of patients, only the face, lip or hand and foot acupuncture-like numbness or a sense of rigidity, after 2-3 weeks, intact parathyroid hyperplasia hypertrophy play a compensatory role, the symptoms can disappear. In severe cases, there may be persistent spasm, facial and hand, foot pain associated with feeling daily seizure overcharged. Each lasting 10 to 20 minutes or longer, severe cases can occur in the larynx and diaphragm spasm, causing suffocation and death. The Thyroidectomy care to preserve the integrity of the glands on the back part of the. Thyroid specimens cut double-check the back of the parathyroid correct cut, found that when trying to transplant to the sternocleidomastoid medium, are the key to avoid this complication occurred.Occurrence of tetany, meat, dairy and eggs and other foods should be limited (due to higher phosphorus, affect the absorption of calcium). Seizure, immediate intravenous injection of 10% calcium gluconate or calcium chloride 10 to 20ml. Mild symptoms of oral calcium gluconate or calcium lactate 2-4g, 3 times a day; severe symptoms or long-term recovery, plus vitamin D3, and 5 in case of 100 000 U a day to promote the calcium in the intestine absorption. Oral oxygen speed sterol (dihydrotestosterone rapid change steroids) (DT10) oil can significantly improve the content of calcium in the blood, reducing the stress of the neuromuscular Can also be used with blood vessels of the thyroid - parathyroid transplantation of allogeneic5 Thyroid storm is a serious complication of hyperthyroidism. Clinical observations: crisis occurred with the preoperative preparation is not enough, the symptoms of hyperthyroidism is not well controlled and surgical stress. Crisis patients mainly as follows: fever (> 39 ° C), pulse (120 beats / min) concomitant nervous, circulatory and digestive systems, severe functional disorders such as irritability, delirium, sweating, vomiting, watery diarrhea reflects The disease is caused due to thyroid hormone excess release of the fulminant adrenaline excitement phenomenon. Without timely treatment, the rapid development of coma, collapse, shock and even death, the mortality rate is about 20% to 30%.Treatment includes: (1) adrenergic blockers: the choice of reserpine 1-2mg intramuscularly, or guanethidine 10 ~ 20mg oral. 4-8 hours after the former drug crisis can be eased; the latter in 12 hours onset of action. Can also be used propranolol 5mg plus 100ml intravenous infusion of 5% a 10% glucose solution to reduce the response to adrenaline of the surrounding tissue. (2) potassium iodide solution of iodine: oral compound, for the first time 3-5ml, 500ml of 10% glucose solution by adding 10% sodium iodide-10m1 emergency intravenous drip to reduce the level of thyroxine in the blood. (3) hydrocortisone: daily 200-400mg, graded intravenous infusion to antagonize too much thyroid hormone response. (4) sedative: Common phenobarbital sodium 100mg, or the lytic cocktail n half the amount, intramuscular injection of 6-8 hours (5) cooling: antipyretic, hibernation drugs and physical cooling methods, to maintain body temperature at 37 ℃. (6) of intravenous glucose solution to replenish their energy and oxygen, in order to reduce tissue hypoxia. (7) have heart failure, the addition of digitalis preparations..
Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer--What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is a common malignant lung tumors, the vast majority of lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium. In recent years, with smoking and a variety of environmental factors, the countries of the world, especially industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence and mortality are rising rapidly, died of cancer of the male patients with lung cancer ranks first.
Lung Cancer - OverviewDiffuse lung cancer, lung cancer (lung cancer), referred to as primary lung cancer (Primary bronchogenic carcinoma), tumor cells from the bronchial mucosa or glands, often regional lymph node metastasis and hematogenous spread, early often irritating cough, bloody sputum and other respiratory symptoms, progression rate and cell biological characteristics. Lung cancer around the world one of the most common malignant tumor is a disease of a serious threat to the health and life of the people.Diseased parts generally have the following rule, namely, the right lung than the left lung upper lobe more than the lower lobe, cancer can occur from the main bronchi to the bronchioles. Different parts of the lung cancer clinical Admiral lung cancer is divided into a central-type lung cancer, peripheral lung cancer and diffuse three types of lung cancer, which originated in the main bronchus, lobar bronchi, lung cancer, known as central position close to the hilar lung cancer; origin known as peripheral lung cancer lung cancer location below the segmental bronchi in the lung around the part of those; originated in the bronchioles or alveolar location diffuse distribution in the lungs by the diffuse type of lung cancer.Lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium, confined to the basement membrane known as carcinoma in situ cancer, bronchial cavity or / and adjacent lung tissue growth and metastatic spread through the lymphatic blood line or bronchial. Carcinoid tumor growth rate and metastatic spread, carcinoid tumor histological type, differentiation, and other biological characteristics.
Lung cancer - CategoriesThe vast majority of lung cancer is a malignant epithelial cell tumor - malignant tumor of epithelial cells. According to the size and appearance of the cancer cells under the microscope histology, lung cancer is divided into small cell lung cancer (16.8%) and non-small cell lung cancer (80.4%). [1]Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Program similar to the prognosis of several non-small cell lung cancer classified as a class. Mainly three types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell lung cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 25% of lung cancer, usually starting at the trachea. Often found in the tumor cavity and apoptosis. Fully differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is often slower than other types of cancer growth. Lung cancer accounts for 40 percent of lung cancer. Usually starting at the peripheral lung tissue. The majority of lung adenocarcinoma and is related to smoking; but in never smokers, adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the lung, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in female never smokers is common, would be the treatment of different reactions.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Small cell lung cancer, also called "oat cell carcinoma, less common. This cancer is often large respiratory tract (main or sub-bronchial) and develop rapidly, and soon a long great. Small cells, neurosecretory cells of granulocytes (containing vesicles of endocrine hormones), and endocrine - paraneoplastic syndrome. Although at first would be more sensitive to chemotherapy, but the ultimate prognosis is poor and often distant metastases. Small cell lung cancer branch of the deadline and a wide range of. This type of lung cancer is largely related to smoking.OtherLung cancer is the strong diversity, including several in sub-categories of cancer cells in tumors is very common. The most widely used for the recognition and use of the classification system of lung cancer is the fourth edition of the histological classification of tumors of lung and respiratory, jointly published by the World Health Organization and the International Association for the Study of lung cancer in 2004. Which recognizes a variety of histopathological special non-small cell lung cancer, classified in a number of new categories, including sarcomatoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, carcinoid tumors, lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Last a subclass include at least 10% of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Including small cell carcinoma tumors, including non-small cell carcinoma, these are divided into a small cell carcinoma variant, called mixed small cell carcinoma. Mixed small cell cancer small cell cancer is currently the only recognized species. Infants and children, the most important type of lung cancer is the pulmonary blastoma and carcinoid tumors.
Lung cancer - clinical typeA squamous cell carcinoma (also known as squamous cell carcinoma): in all types of lung cancer is the most common, accounting for about 50%. Sick mostly in the age over 50 years of age, male-dominated.Mostly originated in the larger bronchi, often of central lung cancer. Although the degree of differentiation of the squamous cell carcinoma are different, but General Growth is relatively slow pace of development, longer course. More sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. First, lymph node metastasis, hematogenous metastasis occurred later.Undifferentiated carcinoma: After the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, more common in men, younger age at onset, generally originated in the larger bronchi. Ranking of central lung cancer based on tissue morphology can be divided into several types of oat cell, small round cells and large cell, which is the most common oat cell. Undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant high, fast growth and early widespread metastatic lymph and blood, more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, the worst prognosis in various types of lung cancer.Adenocarcinoma: origin in the bronchial epithelium, a small number of the origin of the large bronchial mucous glands. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma incidence younger women is relatively common. The majority of adenocarcinoma originated in the smaller bronchi, peripheral lung cancer. Early in general no obvious clinical symptoms, often found in the chest X-ray examination. Round or oval mass, generally slower growth, but sometimes the early stage of hematogenous metastasis. Lymph node metastasis occurs late.4, alveolar cell carcinoma: the origin of the bronchial epithelium, also known as bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma or bronchiolar adenocarcinoma. Parts around in the lung field, the lowest incidence of various types of lung cancer, females are more common. Generally higher degree of differentiation, growth is slow. Cancer cells along the bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveolar wall growth, without infringing the alveolar septa. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis occurred later, but bronchial spread to other lobes or violation of the pleura. Alveolar cell carcinoma of nodular and diffuse categories in morphology. The former can be a single nodule or multiple nodules; the latter form of pneumonia-like lesions. Confined nodules, surgical removal of the good effect.
Lung cancer - the cause of
Smoking a lot of investigation after years of research, closely related to the currently recognized as the cause of the following factors and lung cancer.SmokeAlmost all patients with lung cancer incidence related to smoking tobacco is very acid substance, easily lead to the human body acidification, acidic likely to cause cancer. Based on national survey data are very close to the etiology of lung cancer and smoking cigarettes relations. Incidence of lung cancer growth and increase in cigarette sales was a parallel relationship. Contains a variety of carcinogens in the cigarettes. The habit of smoking lung cancer incidence rate 10 times higher than non-smokers, smoking a large quantity higher incidence 20 times higher than non-smokers.Occupational factorsLong-term exposure to uranium, radium and other radioactive substances and their derivatives, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, tin, iron, coal tar, bitumen, oil, asbestos, mustard gas and other substances, due to the human diet and lifestyle changes, the more acidic resulting in a slower metabolism and circulation, the overall immune function decline, the machine can take advantage of these radioactive elements in order to induce the cells to become cancerous.Chronic lung diseaseSuch as tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis and lung cancer coexist, itself, the occurrence of these chronic diseases is more acidic in the lungs resulting from cells infected with hypoxia, the cell activity. These cases, the incidence of cancer is higher than normal. In addition, chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation and scar lesions of pulmonary fibrosis in the healing process may lead to squamous metaplasia or hyperplasia, on this basis, in some cases can develop into cancer.What incentives, and other root causes are environmental support, and that is acidic, body fluids is alkaline, that the cancer will not occur in the weak alkaline body fluids.Other reasonsAtmospheric pollution; lost is closely related to lung cancer, evolution, and the degree of malignancy and certain cancer gene activation and anti-cancer gene.Internal factors of the human bodySuch as family genetic and immune function to reduce the metabolic activity of endocrine dysfunction.
Lung cancer - clinical performanceThe general performance ofLung cancer, cough, mostly irritating cough.2, bloody sputum, blood stained sputum.3, chest tightness, chest pain, light, general symptoms of a vague position. When carcinoid tumor invaded the pleura, chest wall, the pain got worse, compared with the previous explicit positioning constant.4, shortness of breath, cancer obstruction caused by pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion, diffuse alveolar lesions can cause.Fever, obstructive pneumonia or cancer endotoxin-induced.6 Patients may appear more pronounced cachexia.Lung cancer - early symptomsLung cancer at an early stage and no special symptoms, only respiratory diseaseCommon symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, fever, chest pain, tightness, it is easy to overlook. Specific performance of the common symptoms of early stage lung cancer: a cough. Lung cancer due to long in the lung tissues, usually produce respiratory tract irritation, irritating cough.2, low grade fever. Often after the tumor blocking the bronchial obstructive lobes to varying degrees, the light only a low fever, severe cases, high fever, may be temporarily improved after treatment, but soon will relapse. (3), chest pain. Early stage lung cancer chest pain, mild, mainly dull pain, pain, and parts are not necessarily the relationship is not determined and breathing. If the pain continues to occur then the cancer involving the pleura.(4), sputum blood. Tumor inflammation caused by necrosis, capillary damage, there will be a small amount of bleeding, often mixed with sputum and intermittent or intermittent. Many lung cancer patients is the treatment of hemoptysis.Early pulmonary manifestations1, bone and joint symptoms: These symptoms are more common. Lung cancer cells can produce some endocrine hormones (heterologous sex hormones), antigens and enzymes, these substances operate role in bone joints, to Erzhi bone and joint pain and swelling, often involving the tibial, peroneal, ulnar, radial and other bone and joint , fingers and toes are often swollen at the end was clubbing, x-ray examination showed periosteal proliferation.2, shoulder pain: pulmonary peripheral lung cancer is often back on the development of erosion of the pleura, involving the ribs and chest wall tissue, causing the shoulder pain. These patients rarely have respiratory symptoms.3, a hoarse voice: lung metastases laryngeal nerve compression allows the vocal cords SBC paralysis Erzhi a hoarse voice. Lung cancer metastasis can occur early and county metastases can sometimes grow faster than the primary tumor, the clinical manifestations of metastases before the primary lesion appears.Late symptomsThe symptoms of advanced lung cancer because the body's not the same but there are some differences, lung cancer, the severe need for timely symptomatic treatment. Locally advanced lung cancer symptoms: chest is a very complex spatial, three-fourths of the lung surface area is surrounded by the chest wall, which is a thin layer of intima (parietal pleura), fat, muscle, ribs and skin constitute different proportions the. Tumor invasion and any part of the above will cause pain.
Thus most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients have symptoms of chest pain. (1), lung cancer pain. The pain is often manifested by the lung cancer patients with advanced symptoms, most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients had chest pain symptoms.2, a hoarse voice is one of the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Control the left pronunciation function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve from the neck down to the chest to bypass the large blood vessels of the heart back to the line up to the throat, which dominated the left side of the vocal organs. The left of the tumor invasion and mediastinal recurrent laryngeal nerve are oppressed, hoarseness arose, but no other symptoms of sore throat and upper respiratory tract infection.3, face, neck edema are symptoms of advanced lung cancer are more common, tumor invasion and mediastinal right superior vena cava compression, the initial cause engorgement of the jugular vein due to poor return, and finally will lead to the face, neck edema , which need to be timely diagnosis and treatment.4, shortness of breath, the performance of the pleural effusion is also the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Medical signs1, the limitations of wheeze: wheeze limitations, multi-inspiratory phase does not disappear after coughing.2, a hoarse voice: lymph node metastasis, oppression or violation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.3, the superior vena cava syndrome: tumor compression or invasion of the superior vena cava, vein reflux blocked, resulting in the head, face, neck, upper extremity edema, varicose veins and edema of the upper chest, accompanied by dizziness, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other symptoms.Horner's syndrome: apical cancer oppression or violation of the cervical sympathetic ganglion, ipsilateral Enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, narrow eye fissure, ipsilateral upper half chest skin temperature and sweat-free.5, shoulder and arm pain: apical cancer of oppression or violation of the brachial plexus, a burning pain on the side of the shoulder and upper limb radial.6, phrenic nerve paralysis: phrenic nerve involvement, shortness of breath, chest tightnessDysphagia: mediastinal lymph nodes esophageal compression due to compression of the trachea can cause breathing difficulties.8, pericardial involvement: pericardial effusion, shortness of breath, arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, pericardial invasion.9, pleural metastasis: visible chest pain, malignant pleural effusion.10, metastatic lung cancer: lung cancer hematogenous metastasis common sites were bone, liver, brain, kidney, adrenal gland, subcutaneous tissue, another lung metastases were also more common. Clinical site with the transfer of appropriate symptoms and signs.11, extrapulmonary signs: common joint pain or hypertrophy, clubbing, polyneuritis, myasthenia gravis, Cushing disease, male breast hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hypercalcemia, mental abnormalities.Lung cancer - diagnosisDiagnosisX-ray, sputum cytology: a continuous collection of three days early in the morning first sputum has a diagnostic value, by which the discovery of cancer cells.2, the chest X-ray: usually with tumors larger than one centimeter can be found in the X-rays.CT: to determine the relationship between tumor location, size of tumor and surrounding tissue, lymph nodes and whether the transfer is an important basis for lung cancer diagnosis and staging.Bronchoscopy: very important in the diagnosis of lung cancer.5, B ultrasound or CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy: accuracy of up to 96%.6, lung function, heart tests: mainly used in patients who underwent surgery, this method can be used to assess whether the patient can withstand a thoracotomy.7, liver, spleen, bone, brain and other parts of the scan: can check whether the patient is transferred.8, the technique of thoracotomy or thoracoscopic surgery is also helpful in the diagnosis.Biochemical indicatorsThe tumor marker tumor cells secrete a number of unique chemical substances. Normal in the human body does not exist, and will appear only when the cells become cancerous.1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.2, carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50): normal reference values: serum <24U/ml.3, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.4, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) normal reference values: serum <35U/ml., Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) normal reference values: serum <28U/ml.Of β2 microglobulin (β2M) normal reference values: serum <24mg / L, and urine <160ug / L,.
Lung cancer - the treatment methodSurgical treatmentThe treatment of lung cancer is mostly advocated to maximize the removal of the lung and to maximize the retained lung function, the more the idea of a comprehensive treatment of the lobectomy surgery and a variety of methods.A) commonly used in lung resection: 1) pulmonary resection; 2) lobectomy; 3) sleeve-shaped lobectomy 4) lung resection; 5) tumor mass resection.B) normative lobectomy. C) cryosurgery treatment.Radiation therapy1) small cell lung cancer (SCLC), radiotherapy is often combined with chemotherapy application;2) non-small cell (NSCLC), lung cancer radiotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy, radical radiotherapy and close chamber afterloading radiotherapy and interstitial radiotherapy.Radiotherapy complications: esophageal damage, lung damage, heart damage and spinal cord to go far.ChemotherapyChemotherapy received increasing attention in the treatment of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer chemotherapy should be treated differently.1) chemotherapy is the main method of treatment of small cell lung cancer: single-agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, alternating chemotherapy.2) chemotherapy pairs of the the the efficacy of of the non-small cell lung cancer far not as good as pairs of the small cell lung cancer, the main there are: the single-drug and the Joint spa the adjuvant chemotherapy in the the in the, radiation therapy.Chinese medicine treatmentChinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, its efficacy is also often more significant, the Chinese have the effect of adjuvant therapy. Treatment is the main method of Chinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, while the principle of regulating the whole.
Chinese medicine can reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, increase the body of radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance, improve quality of life, prolonging life has its unique advantages, such as Liu quadruple therapy for the treatment of lung cancer is now more popular, the effect is significant. Therefore, patients with the Branch for consideration for the treatment of lung cancer.Lung cancer - biological immunotherapyThe treatment of advanced lung cancer during the DC-CIK tumor biological treatment technology is adopted to extract part of the immune cells from patients with advanced lung cancer in vivo and then cultured in vitro, induced activation of a series of operations to greatly improve its anti-tumor activity , then these would have to come from the patient's own activated in vitro anti-tumor cell reinfusion to lung cancer in vivo to kill tumor cells.1, the use of normal survival of patients with lung cancer express lower biological cell factor to mobilize the body's own immune forces of the anti-tumor effect, compared with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, side effects are minor;By active immunization can stimulate the body's anti-tumor effect, the role of a broader range, especially for multiple lesions or widely metastatic malignant tumors;3, using the principle of molecular targeted therapy, targeted, had no effect on normal cells outside the tumor cells in advanced lung cancer patients unfit for surgery, can significantly curb the progress of the tumor and prolong life.CareDay careSmoking causes lung cancer, bedsores prevention: advanced lung cancer patients nutritional status is generally poor, sometimes complicated by systemic edema, easy to produce bedsores, and the rapid expansion, it is difficult to cure, prevention of pressure ulcers is particularly important. Reduce the partial pressure of time and changing body position, the body is easy to pressure parts of the balloon, soft pillow, paving, and to avoid prolonged pressure. Keep the skin clean, especially for patients with incontinence, keep the beds clean, smooth, heat lamp irradiation has ulcerated skin application to maintain the partial drying.Relieve symptoms: fever is one of the main symptoms of lung cancer, instruct patient to keep warm, cold prevention, in order to avoid pneumonia; irritating cough may be given to the antitussive agent; night patients with persistent cough, drink hot water in order to reduce the stimulation of the throat; to hemostatic if hemoptysis, massive hemoptysis, contact their doctor immediately, while the patients head to one side, the timely removal of the blood in the mouth to prevent suffocation, and assist the doctors rescue.3, the condition Observation and nursing care: the the the transfer of of the different parts of the of the lung cancer advanced patients often have tumor, give rise to different symptoms, should pay attention to to observe to to give the the corresponding care. Such as the liver, brain metastasis, the onset of coma, convulsions, blurred vision, nurses should be given symptomatic treatment. Bone metastases should strengthen the physical protection, abdominal metastasis often occurs intestinal obstruction should be noted that observation of patients for abdominal distention, abdominal pain and other symptoms, patients often present with constipation due to weakness, fatigue, reduced activity, reason, and shall promptly give enema or laxative laxative. Malnutrition, low plasma protein may be edema, by increase nutrition,
Taigaohuanzhi and other measures to reduce edema., Psychological care: advanced lung cancer patients have mental anxiety, fear, sadness, and often appear cold, alone, should be placed in a single room, cordial language, sincere and to encourage patients to disclose their psychological feelings, in a timely manner to enlighten patients take the initiative to introduce the information of the condition improved. For the care of patients with advanced lung cancer is to control symptoms, to alleviate the suffering of the patient, to create a comfortable cultivation environment, and give the patient the greatest spiritual support and psychological comfort.Post-operative careTo ban patients from smoking after lung cancer surgery, so as not to promote relapse. Lung function, and to instruct patients to gradually increase the workout. Attention to patient recovery, if recurrence should be immediately to the hospital for a medical practitioner consulted, and decide whether line radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Lung squamous cell carcinoma after surgery tend to invade the local cause intrathoracic recurrence. Lung adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma distant metastasis, such transfer to the lymph nodes, bone, liver, brain and the contralateral lung. Should always pay attention to the patients with and without fever, drama cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, visual changes, liver pain, bone pain, supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, etc., made the view of the above symptoms should promptly go to the hospital . At the same time, the patient should be regularly go to the hospital for chest fluoroscopy, and stay fresh sputum investigation of cancer cells.Postoperative diet1, eat more foods containing vitamin C, vitamin C is a tumor suppressor substance, can block the formation of cancer cells. Such as fresh vegetables and fruits, such as green, yellow, red vegetables, and black fungus, almond milk, water chestnuts, asparagus, lemon, red dates, garlic, etc..
2, can be used to enhance immunity, contribute to the drugs that inhibit cancer cells the role of food, such as turtles, yellow croaker, sweet almond, walnut, jujube, shiitake mushrooms.3, the performance of in accordance with the its symptoms a different, in a targeted manner selection of there are cough, antipyretic, to stop bleeding, Shun gas, Kuanxiong, analgesic of the food of the the role of, in order to relieve suffering, and and enhance treatment of confidence.4, do not eat or eat spicy food, including fried foods; avoid eating shrimp, crabs and other allergenic foods; not smoking and not drinking.5, to the the nutrition, a comprehensive rich.Lung cancer - preventionLung cancer (a) the prohibition and control of smoking: Smoking is a major factor for lung cancer caused by.(B) to reduce the hazards of industrial pollution:1, workers in the dust polluted environment, with face masks or other protective mask to reduce inhalation of harmful substances.2, to improve the ventilation of the workplace environment, reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the air.3, type Arts of the transformation of production processes, reduce the generation of hazardous substances.(C) of the reduce environmental pollution: the atmospheric pollution is an important of lung cancer caused factor. 3,4 - stupid, and pyrene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Reduce environmental pollution and measures the following aspects:1, limiting the development of urban motor vehicle, improving the combustion device of the motor vehicle, reduce the discharge of toxic gases.2, sound energy to gradually replace or eliminate the harmful energy.3, improved indoor ventilation, to reduce harmful substances in the small environment.(Four) In the the the spirit of aspects of, we should to maintain the spirit of pleasant upward, can not for a number of trivial matter while the glum.(E) The diet should be rich in nutrition, vitamins A, D and should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.
Lung cancer is a common malignant lung tumors, the vast majority of lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium. In recent years, with smoking and a variety of environmental factors, the countries of the world, especially industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence and mortality are rising rapidly, died of cancer of the male patients with lung cancer ranks first.
Lung Cancer - OverviewDiffuse lung cancer, lung cancer (lung cancer), referred to as primary lung cancer (Primary bronchogenic carcinoma), tumor cells from the bronchial mucosa or glands, often regional lymph node metastasis and hematogenous spread, early often irritating cough, bloody sputum and other respiratory symptoms, progression rate and cell biological characteristics. Lung cancer around the world one of the most common malignant tumor is a disease of a serious threat to the health and life of the people.Diseased parts generally have the following rule, namely, the right lung than the left lung upper lobe more than the lower lobe, cancer can occur from the main bronchi to the bronchioles. Different parts of the lung cancer clinical Admiral lung cancer is divided into a central-type lung cancer, peripheral lung cancer and diffuse three types of lung cancer, which originated in the main bronchus, lobar bronchi, lung cancer, known as central position close to the hilar lung cancer; origin known as peripheral lung cancer lung cancer location below the segmental bronchi in the lung around the part of those; originated in the bronchioles or alveolar location diffuse distribution in the lungs by the diffuse type of lung cancer.Lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium, confined to the basement membrane known as carcinoma in situ cancer, bronchial cavity or / and adjacent lung tissue growth and metastatic spread through the lymphatic blood line or bronchial. Carcinoid tumor growth rate and metastatic spread, carcinoid tumor histological type, differentiation, and other biological characteristics.
Lung cancer - CategoriesThe vast majority of lung cancer is a malignant epithelial cell tumor - malignant tumor of epithelial cells. According to the size and appearance of the cancer cells under the microscope histology, lung cancer is divided into small cell lung cancer (16.8%) and non-small cell lung cancer (80.4%). [1]Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)Program similar to the prognosis of several non-small cell lung cancer classified as a class. Mainly three types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell lung cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 25% of lung cancer, usually starting at the trachea. Often found in the tumor cavity and apoptosis. Fully differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is often slower than other types of cancer growth. Lung cancer accounts for 40 percent of lung cancer. Usually starting at the peripheral lung tissue. The majority of lung adenocarcinoma and is related to smoking; but in never smokers, adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma of the lung, the bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in female never smokers is common, would be the treatment of different reactions.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Small cell lung cancer, also called "oat cell carcinoma, less common. This cancer is often large respiratory tract (main or sub-bronchial) and develop rapidly, and soon a long great. Small cells, neurosecretory cells of granulocytes (containing vesicles of endocrine hormones), and endocrine - paraneoplastic syndrome. Although at first would be more sensitive to chemotherapy, but the ultimate prognosis is poor and often distant metastases. Small cell lung cancer branch of the deadline and a wide range of. This type of lung cancer is largely related to smoking.OtherLung cancer is the strong diversity, including several in sub-categories of cancer cells in tumors is very common. The most widely used for the recognition and use of the classification system of lung cancer is the fourth edition of the histological classification of tumors of lung and respiratory, jointly published by the World Health Organization and the International Association for the Study of lung cancer in 2004. Which recognizes a variety of histopathological special non-small cell lung cancer, classified in a number of new categories, including sarcomatoid carcinoma of the parotid gland, carcinoid tumors, lung adenosquamous carcinoma. Last a subclass include at least 10% of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Including small cell carcinoma tumors, including non-small cell carcinoma, these are divided into a small cell carcinoma variant, called mixed small cell carcinoma. Mixed small cell cancer small cell cancer is currently the only recognized species. Infants and children, the most important type of lung cancer is the pulmonary blastoma and carcinoid tumors.
Lung cancer - clinical typeA squamous cell carcinoma (also known as squamous cell carcinoma): in all types of lung cancer is the most common, accounting for about 50%. Sick mostly in the age over 50 years of age, male-dominated.Mostly originated in the larger bronchi, often of central lung cancer. Although the degree of differentiation of the squamous cell carcinoma are different, but General Growth is relatively slow pace of development, longer course. More sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. First, lymph node metastasis, hematogenous metastasis occurred later.Undifferentiated carcinoma: After the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma, more common in men, younger age at onset, generally originated in the larger bronchi. Ranking of central lung cancer based on tissue morphology can be divided into several types of oat cell, small round cells and large cell, which is the most common oat cell. Undifferentiated carcinoma, malignant high, fast growth and early widespread metastatic lymph and blood, more sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, the worst prognosis in various types of lung cancer.Adenocarcinoma: origin in the bronchial epithelium, a small number of the origin of the large bronchial mucous glands. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma incidence younger women is relatively common. The majority of adenocarcinoma originated in the smaller bronchi, peripheral lung cancer. Early in general no obvious clinical symptoms, often found in the chest X-ray examination. Round or oval mass, generally slower growth, but sometimes the early stage of hematogenous metastasis. Lymph node metastasis occurs late.4, alveolar cell carcinoma: the origin of the bronchial epithelium, also known as bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma or bronchiolar adenocarcinoma. Parts around in the lung field, the lowest incidence of various types of lung cancer, females are more common. Generally higher degree of differentiation, growth is slow. Cancer cells along the bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveolar wall growth, without infringing the alveolar septa. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis occurred later, but bronchial spread to other lobes or violation of the pleura. Alveolar cell carcinoma of nodular and diffuse categories in morphology. The former can be a single nodule or multiple nodules; the latter form of pneumonia-like lesions. Confined nodules, surgical removal of the good effect.
Lung cancer - the cause of
Smoking a lot of investigation after years of research, closely related to the currently recognized as the cause of the following factors and lung cancer.SmokeAlmost all patients with lung cancer incidence related to smoking tobacco is very acid substance, easily lead to the human body acidification, acidic likely to cause cancer. Based on national survey data are very close to the etiology of lung cancer and smoking cigarettes relations. Incidence of lung cancer growth and increase in cigarette sales was a parallel relationship. Contains a variety of carcinogens in the cigarettes. The habit of smoking lung cancer incidence rate 10 times higher than non-smokers, smoking a large quantity higher incidence 20 times higher than non-smokers.Occupational factorsLong-term exposure to uranium, radium and other radioactive substances and their derivatives, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, tin, iron, coal tar, bitumen, oil, asbestos, mustard gas and other substances, due to the human diet and lifestyle changes, the more acidic resulting in a slower metabolism and circulation, the overall immune function decline, the machine can take advantage of these radioactive elements in order to induce the cells to become cancerous.Chronic lung diseaseSuch as tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis and lung cancer coexist, itself, the occurrence of these chronic diseases is more acidic in the lungs resulting from cells infected with hypoxia, the cell activity. These cases, the incidence of cancer is higher than normal. In addition, chronic bronchopulmonary inflammation and scar lesions of pulmonary fibrosis in the healing process may lead to squamous metaplasia or hyperplasia, on this basis, in some cases can develop into cancer.What incentives, and other root causes are environmental support, and that is acidic, body fluids is alkaline, that the cancer will not occur in the weak alkaline body fluids.Other reasonsAtmospheric pollution; lost is closely related to lung cancer, evolution, and the degree of malignancy and certain cancer gene activation and anti-cancer gene.Internal factors of the human bodySuch as family genetic and immune function to reduce the metabolic activity of endocrine dysfunction.
Lung cancer - clinical performanceThe general performance ofLung cancer, cough, mostly irritating cough.2, bloody sputum, blood stained sputum.3, chest tightness, chest pain, light, general symptoms of a vague position. When carcinoid tumor invaded the pleura, chest wall, the pain got worse, compared with the previous explicit positioning constant.4, shortness of breath, cancer obstruction caused by pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion, diffuse alveolar lesions can cause.Fever, obstructive pneumonia or cancer endotoxin-induced.6 Patients may appear more pronounced cachexia.Lung cancer - early symptomsLung cancer at an early stage and no special symptoms, only respiratory diseaseCommon symptoms such as cough, hemoptysis, fever, chest pain, tightness, it is easy to overlook. Specific performance of the common symptoms of early stage lung cancer: a cough. Lung cancer due to long in the lung tissues, usually produce respiratory tract irritation, irritating cough.2, low grade fever. Often after the tumor blocking the bronchial obstructive lobes to varying degrees, the light only a low fever, severe cases, high fever, may be temporarily improved after treatment, but soon will relapse. (3), chest pain. Early stage lung cancer chest pain, mild, mainly dull pain, pain, and parts are not necessarily the relationship is not determined and breathing. If the pain continues to occur then the cancer involving the pleura.(4), sputum blood. Tumor inflammation caused by necrosis, capillary damage, there will be a small amount of bleeding, often mixed with sputum and intermittent or intermittent. Many lung cancer patients is the treatment of hemoptysis.Early pulmonary manifestations1, bone and joint symptoms: These symptoms are more common. Lung cancer cells can produce some endocrine hormones (heterologous sex hormones), antigens and enzymes, these substances operate role in bone joints, to Erzhi bone and joint pain and swelling, often involving the tibial, peroneal, ulnar, radial and other bone and joint , fingers and toes are often swollen at the end was clubbing, x-ray examination showed periosteal proliferation.2, shoulder pain: pulmonary peripheral lung cancer is often back on the development of erosion of the pleura, involving the ribs and chest wall tissue, causing the shoulder pain. These patients rarely have respiratory symptoms.3, a hoarse voice: lung metastases laryngeal nerve compression allows the vocal cords SBC paralysis Erzhi a hoarse voice. Lung cancer metastasis can occur early and county metastases can sometimes grow faster than the primary tumor, the clinical manifestations of metastases before the primary lesion appears.Late symptomsThe symptoms of advanced lung cancer because the body's not the same but there are some differences, lung cancer, the severe need for timely symptomatic treatment. Locally advanced lung cancer symptoms: chest is a very complex spatial, three-fourths of the lung surface area is surrounded by the chest wall, which is a thin layer of intima (parietal pleura), fat, muscle, ribs and skin constitute different proportions the. Tumor invasion and any part of the above will cause pain.
Thus most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients have symptoms of chest pain. (1), lung cancer pain. The pain is often manifested by the lung cancer patients with advanced symptoms, most of the regional spread of intrathoracic lung cancer patients had chest pain symptoms.2, a hoarse voice is one of the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Control the left pronunciation function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve from the neck down to the chest to bypass the large blood vessels of the heart back to the line up to the throat, which dominated the left side of the vocal organs. The left of the tumor invasion and mediastinal recurrent laryngeal nerve are oppressed, hoarseness arose, but no other symptoms of sore throat and upper respiratory tract infection.3, face, neck edema are symptoms of advanced lung cancer are more common, tumor invasion and mediastinal right superior vena cava compression, the initial cause engorgement of the jugular vein due to poor return, and finally will lead to the face, neck edema , which need to be timely diagnosis and treatment.4, shortness of breath, the performance of the pleural effusion is also the symptoms of advanced lung cancer. Medical signs1, the limitations of wheeze: wheeze limitations, multi-inspiratory phase does not disappear after coughing.2, a hoarse voice: lymph node metastasis, oppression or violation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.3, the superior vena cava syndrome: tumor compression or invasion of the superior vena cava, vein reflux blocked, resulting in the head, face, neck, upper extremity edema, varicose veins and edema of the upper chest, accompanied by dizziness, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other symptoms.Horner's syndrome: apical cancer oppression or violation of the cervical sympathetic ganglion, ipsilateral Enophthalmos, ptosis, miosis, narrow eye fissure, ipsilateral upper half chest skin temperature and sweat-free.5, shoulder and arm pain: apical cancer of oppression or violation of the brachial plexus, a burning pain on the side of the shoulder and upper limb radial.6, phrenic nerve paralysis: phrenic nerve involvement, shortness of breath, chest tightnessDysphagia: mediastinal lymph nodes esophageal compression due to compression of the trachea can cause breathing difficulties.8, pericardial involvement: pericardial effusion, shortness of breath, arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, pericardial invasion.9, pleural metastasis: visible chest pain, malignant pleural effusion.10, metastatic lung cancer: lung cancer hematogenous metastasis common sites were bone, liver, brain, kidney, adrenal gland, subcutaneous tissue, another lung metastases were also more common. Clinical site with the transfer of appropriate symptoms and signs.11, extrapulmonary signs: common joint pain or hypertrophy, clubbing, polyneuritis, myasthenia gravis, Cushing disease, male breast hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hypercalcemia, mental abnormalities.Lung cancer - diagnosisDiagnosisX-ray, sputum cytology: a continuous collection of three days early in the morning first sputum has a diagnostic value, by which the discovery of cancer cells.2, the chest X-ray: usually with tumors larger than one centimeter can be found in the X-rays.CT: to determine the relationship between tumor location, size of tumor and surrounding tissue, lymph nodes and whether the transfer is an important basis for lung cancer diagnosis and staging.Bronchoscopy: very important in the diagnosis of lung cancer.5, B ultrasound or CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy: accuracy of up to 96%.6, lung function, heart tests: mainly used in patients who underwent surgery, this method can be used to assess whether the patient can withstand a thoracotomy.7, liver, spleen, bone, brain and other parts of the scan: can check whether the patient is transferred.8, the technique of thoracotomy or thoracoscopic surgery is also helpful in the diagnosis.Biochemical indicatorsThe tumor marker tumor cells secrete a number of unique chemical substances. Normal in the human body does not exist, and will appear only when the cells become cancerous.1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.2, carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50): normal reference values: serum <24U/ml.3, squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) normal reference values: serum droperidol 5 μg, / L.4, cancer antigen 125 (CA125) normal reference values: serum <35U/ml., Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) normal reference values: serum <28U/ml.Of β2 microglobulin (β2M) normal reference values: serum <24mg / L, and urine <160ug / L,.
Lung cancer - the treatment methodSurgical treatmentThe treatment of lung cancer is mostly advocated to maximize the removal of the lung and to maximize the retained lung function, the more the idea of a comprehensive treatment of the lobectomy surgery and a variety of methods.A) commonly used in lung resection: 1) pulmonary resection; 2) lobectomy; 3) sleeve-shaped lobectomy 4) lung resection; 5) tumor mass resection.B) normative lobectomy. C) cryosurgery treatment.Radiation therapy1) small cell lung cancer (SCLC), radiotherapy is often combined with chemotherapy application;2) non-small cell (NSCLC), lung cancer radiotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy, radical radiotherapy and close chamber afterloading radiotherapy and interstitial radiotherapy.Radiotherapy complications: esophageal damage, lung damage, heart damage and spinal cord to go far.ChemotherapyChemotherapy received increasing attention in the treatment of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer chemotherapy should be treated differently.1) chemotherapy is the main method of treatment of small cell lung cancer: single-agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, alternating chemotherapy.2) chemotherapy pairs of the the the efficacy of of the non-small cell lung cancer far not as good as pairs of the small cell lung cancer, the main there are: the single-drug and the Joint spa the adjuvant chemotherapy in the the in the, radiation therapy.Chinese medicine treatmentChinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, its efficacy is also often more significant, the Chinese have the effect of adjuvant therapy. Treatment is the main method of Chinese medicine treatment of lung cancer, while the principle of regulating the whole.
Chinese medicine can reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, increase the body of radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance, improve quality of life, prolonging life has its unique advantages, such as Liu quadruple therapy for the treatment of lung cancer is now more popular, the effect is significant. Therefore, patients with the Branch for consideration for the treatment of lung cancer.Lung cancer - biological immunotherapyThe treatment of advanced lung cancer during the DC-CIK tumor biological treatment technology is adopted to extract part of the immune cells from patients with advanced lung cancer in vivo and then cultured in vitro, induced activation of a series of operations to greatly improve its anti-tumor activity , then these would have to come from the patient's own activated in vitro anti-tumor cell reinfusion to lung cancer in vivo to kill tumor cells.1, the use of normal survival of patients with lung cancer express lower biological cell factor to mobilize the body's own immune forces of the anti-tumor effect, compared with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, side effects are minor;By active immunization can stimulate the body's anti-tumor effect, the role of a broader range, especially for multiple lesions or widely metastatic malignant tumors;3, using the principle of molecular targeted therapy, targeted, had no effect on normal cells outside the tumor cells in advanced lung cancer patients unfit for surgery, can significantly curb the progress of the tumor and prolong life.CareDay careSmoking causes lung cancer, bedsores prevention: advanced lung cancer patients nutritional status is generally poor, sometimes complicated by systemic edema, easy to produce bedsores, and the rapid expansion, it is difficult to cure, prevention of pressure ulcers is particularly important. Reduce the partial pressure of time and changing body position, the body is easy to pressure parts of the balloon, soft pillow, paving, and to avoid prolonged pressure. Keep the skin clean, especially for patients with incontinence, keep the beds clean, smooth, heat lamp irradiation has ulcerated skin application to maintain the partial drying.Relieve symptoms: fever is one of the main symptoms of lung cancer, instruct patient to keep warm, cold prevention, in order to avoid pneumonia; irritating cough may be given to the antitussive agent; night patients with persistent cough, drink hot water in order to reduce the stimulation of the throat; to hemostatic if hemoptysis, massive hemoptysis, contact their doctor immediately, while the patients head to one side, the timely removal of the blood in the mouth to prevent suffocation, and assist the doctors rescue.3, the condition Observation and nursing care: the the the transfer of of the different parts of the of the lung cancer advanced patients often have tumor, give rise to different symptoms, should pay attention to to observe to to give the the corresponding care. Such as the liver, brain metastasis, the onset of coma, convulsions, blurred vision, nurses should be given symptomatic treatment. Bone metastases should strengthen the physical protection, abdominal metastasis often occurs intestinal obstruction should be noted that observation of patients for abdominal distention, abdominal pain and other symptoms, patients often present with constipation due to weakness, fatigue, reduced activity, reason, and shall promptly give enema or laxative laxative. Malnutrition, low plasma protein may be edema, by increase nutrition,
Taigaohuanzhi and other measures to reduce edema., Psychological care: advanced lung cancer patients have mental anxiety, fear, sadness, and often appear cold, alone, should be placed in a single room, cordial language, sincere and to encourage patients to disclose their psychological feelings, in a timely manner to enlighten patients take the initiative to introduce the information of the condition improved. For the care of patients with advanced lung cancer is to control symptoms, to alleviate the suffering of the patient, to create a comfortable cultivation environment, and give the patient the greatest spiritual support and psychological comfort.Post-operative careTo ban patients from smoking after lung cancer surgery, so as not to promote relapse. Lung function, and to instruct patients to gradually increase the workout. Attention to patient recovery, if recurrence should be immediately to the hospital for a medical practitioner consulted, and decide whether line radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Lung squamous cell carcinoma after surgery tend to invade the local cause intrathoracic recurrence. Lung adenocarcinoma or undifferentiated carcinoma distant metastasis, such transfer to the lymph nodes, bone, liver, brain and the contralateral lung. Should always pay attention to the patients with and without fever, drama cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, visual changes, liver pain, bone pain, supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, etc., made the view of the above symptoms should promptly go to the hospital . At the same time, the patient should be regularly go to the hospital for chest fluoroscopy, and stay fresh sputum investigation of cancer cells.Postoperative diet1, eat more foods containing vitamin C, vitamin C is a tumor suppressor substance, can block the formation of cancer cells. Such as fresh vegetables and fruits, such as green, yellow, red vegetables, and black fungus, almond milk, water chestnuts, asparagus, lemon, red dates, garlic, etc..
2, can be used to enhance immunity, contribute to the drugs that inhibit cancer cells the role of food, such as turtles, yellow croaker, sweet almond, walnut, jujube, shiitake mushrooms.3, the performance of in accordance with the its symptoms a different, in a targeted manner selection of there are cough, antipyretic, to stop bleeding, Shun gas, Kuanxiong, analgesic of the food of the the role of, in order to relieve suffering, and and enhance treatment of confidence.4, do not eat or eat spicy food, including fried foods; avoid eating shrimp, crabs and other allergenic foods; not smoking and not drinking.5, to the the nutrition, a comprehensive rich.Lung cancer - preventionLung cancer (a) the prohibition and control of smoking: Smoking is a major factor for lung cancer caused by.(B) to reduce the hazards of industrial pollution:1, workers in the dust polluted environment, with face masks or other protective mask to reduce inhalation of harmful substances.2, to improve the ventilation of the workplace environment, reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the air.3, type Arts of the transformation of production processes, reduce the generation of hazardous substances.(C) of the reduce environmental pollution: the atmospheric pollution is an important of lung cancer caused factor. 3,4 - stupid, and pyrene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Reduce environmental pollution and measures the following aspects:1, limiting the development of urban motor vehicle, improving the combustion device of the motor vehicle, reduce the discharge of toxic gases.2, sound energy to gradually replace or eliminate the harmful energy.3, improved indoor ventilation, to reduce harmful substances in the small environment.(Four) In the the the spirit of aspects of, we should to maintain the spirit of pleasant upward, can not for a number of trivial matter while the glum.(E) The diet should be rich in nutrition, vitamins A, D and should eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.
Swine Flu
Swine Flu-What is swine flu?
The swine flu is mucus virus found in pigs and a cause of local influenza is a respiratory disease, caused by influenza A virus (A-type influenza viruses). The swine flu is usually between the outbreak of swine. Autumn and winter is a high incidence of the year to transmit. Previous human cases of swine flu, but no human to human transmission in case. Swine flu in Mexico in April 2009 caused a number of more than 150 death events, and there are signs of spreading across the globe. April 30, 2009 World Health Organization announced that from now on, the WHO, referring to the influenza outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza, "the name on the site. FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health has also made the same decision.
Swine flu - OverviewSwine influenza is referred to as swine flu. The swine flu is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the swine flu virus. The clinical characteristics of swine flu as sudden onset, rapid spread of the whole group. The swine flu virus is mainly present in the respiratory secretions of pigs, the discharge of polluting the environment, such as feeding drinking. Pigs, droplets, air, mice, mosquitoes are disease transmission. At the onset of the swine influenza, pigs appetite decreased or did not eat, conjunctival flushing out of sticky secretions from the nose, body temperature increased rapidly to 40.5 ℃ to 42.5 ℃, listlessness, coughing, breathing and heart rate increase in the number of the last severe asthma, was abdominal or dog sitting breathing. Stool dry and hard to constipation, yellow urine loss, limb weakness, unwilling to activities.The symptoms of swine flu are similar to the common cold, diseased body temperature up to above 40 ℃, sometimes as high as 42 ℃. Eyes, noses and often out of the sticky secretions, nose juice, sometimes with redness of the skin, often shortness of breath, showed the abdominal breathing, mixed with intermittent cough, Eat or not eat, dry hard stool, but also the common muscle and joint pain, joy lying more than pigs crowded together.
The swine flu is characterized by the oncoming sudden large occurrence of severe symptoms, but the short duration, the majority of pigs in recovery within a week, a few pigs to the occurrence of secondary infection, hemorrhagic lobar pneumonia or enteritis and death. Anatomical dead pigs found lesions in the respiratory organs, visible on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi) mucosal bleeding, a large number of foamy liquid, or mixed with blood. Fresh beef-like lesions in the lung leaves, pointed leaves and middle leaves, was purple, mostly irregular symmetry. Lung disease area atelectasis, collapse, and the surrounding lung tissue emphysema (the appearance of a pale color). Hilar and mediastinal lymph edema, hyperemia.Swine flu - renamedA/H1N1 flu World Health Organization announced on the website on April 30, 2009 said: From now on, the WHO, referring to the influenza outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza, "the name. FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health has also made the same decision.
World Health Organization, the FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have repeatedly pointed out that the A/H1N1 virus has genes from swine, poultry and human fragments found in North America, there is no evidence that this virus in pigs spread among pigs to humans, there is no evidence that eating processed pork or other pig products can cause infections in humans. The temperature normally used in cooking meat (eg 70 ° C core temperature) will readily inactivate any viruses that may be present in raw meat products.FAO April 30 June, through the media was informed that the Egyptian Government's intention to slaughter all pigs in the 29th FAO on the 30th, made direct contact with the Egyptian Government. The Egyptian government said the country's plan is to check in pigs, once a farm of pigs carrying the A/H1N1 virus, the animals in the farm implementation of slaughter, instead of all the slaughter of all pigs.OIE stressed that the slaughter of pigs is not the appropriate means of safeguarding public and animal health, governments should focus on the implementation of disease surveillance and strengthening biosecurity measures of pig farms, slaughterhouses and other places.
Swine flu - basic overviewThe epidemic spread of the map (April 28, 2009) at the end of March 2009, the swine flu (influenza A virus H1N1) in Mexico and the United States, California, Texas, began erupting more than 4,000 people were infected and led to 152 people dead (as of 2009), later more spreading trend. The failure to detect all cases, the World Health Organization all the cases known as the suspected flu-like illness. These cases have serious suspected flu symptoms and even pneumonia, lead to death, like Mexico. The genetic part of this new variant of influenza virus from the human influenza virus, the rest from the swine flu. In April, the World Health Organization and U.S. Centers for Disease and Control Centre for the new variant, the risk of suspected human to human transmission in Mexico fatal expressed great concern.The swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. Occasionally occur, usually those that direct contact with infected pigs, such as farm workers. U.S. scientists said the swine flu virus may be preventable, controllable. U.S. cure for Tamiflu (Hong Kong Chinese to Tamiflu, Taiwan translated as Tamiflu). This is a special medicine for the flu and been on the market for 10 years, but due to side effects, cause insanity, only there are 54 people in Japan died after taking Tamiflu, the sales have been bad. The swine flu appeared, Duffy immediately sell very hot, and the side effects seem to be forgotten. Tamiflu currently is considered the most effective drugs against highly pathogenic avian influenza. The overseas media said there may be another "conspiracy".
Swine flu - the symptoms of sick
Strengthen the prevention of symptoms of illness swine influenza A H1N1 subtype of the major symptoms are: fever (above 37.8 degrees Celsius), muscle pain, cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, vomiting and even diarrhea-like symptoms.
The main symptoms: flu-like symptoms of fever, cough, fatigue, loss of appetite and so on.
The mode of transmission: spread by people - people in the form, sneezing, coughing and physical contact can transmit the virus. Trace the virus can be retained in the desktop, telephone, or other flat surface, then spread through the fingers and the eyes, nose, mouth contact.
Prevention: adequate sleep, and diligent exercise, wash your hands, keep the ventilation of indoor, and to develop good personal hygiene habits. Cover your cough or sneeze, wash hands frequently, to the end of alcohol hand milk or foam disinfectant to kill bacteria or viruses is also very good. Swine flu and other virus resistance to the outside world is poor, as long as heated to 71 ° C, will be able to kill the swine flu virus.
Incubation period: the new swine flu virus may be latent in the human body seven days later showed the disease.
Mortality: the swine flu mortality rate was 6.77%, higher than the average flu, its high mortality rate for two main reasons: First, the virus ferocious; two people initially do not attach importance to the new disease, that is the common cold. a lot of people yourself to some drugs, missed the best treatment of early-onset 72 hours.
Susceptible populations: mostly young adults, age is concentrated in the 25-year-old to 45 years.
Prevention vaccine: invalid mankind has developed influenza vaccine for the swine flu swine flu can prevent, controllable, can cure.
Swine flu - mode of transmission
Infection: swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. Occasionally occur, usually those that direct contact with infected pigs, such as farm workers. "We've seen swine influenza in the past few years directly infect humans, in most cases, this is from direct pig contact. But this seems different." Flu expert Dr. Arnold Monto of the University of Michigan.
Communication: in the case of the virus from person to person transmission may have been formed in the same way seasonal flu, through coughing and sneezing of infected people.
Swine flu - the treatment and prevention of48 hours of oral administration of Tamiflu can be effectively controlledDrugs rule there are four different drugs approved in the U.S. treatment of influenza, but the new virus showed resistance. The center proposes the use of flu drugs Tamiflu and Relenza.PreventionSwine flu can be spread through coughing or sneezing, therefore coughing or sneezing should cover your mouth, nose; more and more evidence that influenza virus can survive for some time on the surface of some daily necessities, there may be spread by hand to mouth nose, eyes, and therefore should wash their hands, but also often use alcohol as daily necessities disinfection.The American research and drug treatmentGene sequencing of these cases, swine influenza virus from four different flu viruses unusually composed, respectively, is the North American swine influenza viruses, North American bird flu virus, human influenza A subtype H1N1 virus and is common in Asia, Europe The swine influenza virus.Variants of influenza virus to amantadine (amantadine) and rimantadine (rimantadine) showing resistance to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) to combat this new variant of influenza virus . Temporarily display the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene with the 1999 U.S. swine flu, but the neuraminidase (NA) and the hybrid protein (M) genes are like a new species from Europe, a variety of swine flu combination. Seasonal H1N1 influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection for human.Swine flu - swine, symptoms and treatmentThe swine flu occurred in the winter and spring, spring more than in the early spring, is endemic.
The high incidence of the disease, the incubation period of 2 - 7 days, the course of a week or so. In the incidence of mismanagement, prone bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, increased mortality in pigs, it should pay attention to the disease prevention and control.First, the symptomsPigs is sudden onset of fever, lethargy, loss of appetite or not eat, often lying together, do not want to activities, difficulty breathing, intense coughing, eyes, noses and mucus.Second, the pathogenSwine flu virus, a single strand of negative-strand RNA virus, H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H4N6 and other subtypes.Third, the clinical diagnostic criteriaLate autumn, early spring and winter (1) multiple; sudden outbreak, and spread rapidly, soon involving most of the pigs or the pigs, initially identified as influenza.(2) pigs tearing, increased nasal discharge, severe cough, abdominal breathing; temperature 40 ° C -42 ° C, the clinical symptoms typical of great reference value; diffuse bronchial pneumonia, the lungs become extremely heavy and full of edema fluid, necrosis, and normal lung tissue boundaries; secondary infection mortality rate is low; pregnancy sow miscarriage.(3) laboratory diagnosis: AGP; ELISA,; by RT-PCR; virus isolation, identification, etc..Fourth, the treatmentAntipyretic and analgesic, such as metamizole sodium, compound aminopyrine, Antongding; control bacterial infection, intramuscular injection of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, anthracene, enoxacin, two fluorine sand star, amikacin, The Apra neomycin, gentamicin, cephalosporins, penicillin, streptomycin, and increased efficiency sulfonamides and other.Cook five pork can prevent swine flu, prevention prevention: to adopt comprehensive measures to strengthen management, strict disinfection, disinfection of the environment can choose the 0.3% -0.5% peracetic acid; strict control rats, cats, dogs, birds and other poultry into pig field; farms not feeding ducks, geese, etc.; fattening house full all out system can reduce the disease occurred, but it is difficult to eradicate; prohibited from entering the pig breeder suffering from influenza; made of the local epidemic strains of serotype unit price or more the price of seedlings immunization., Bedding and frequently changes the hay, and be disinfected regularly with 5% caustic soda on the pig.2, pay close attention to weather changes, once cooling, heating insulation in a timely manner.3, to prevent exposure of susceptible pigs infected animals.
A type of influenza, we can not contact with pigs.4, with the swine flu adjuvant inactivated vaccine on pigs twice a continuous vaccination, the immune period of up to eight monthsAdditional1, no special drugs for this disease, only symptomatic treatment drugs to alleviate the condition, to avoid the occurrence of secondary infection. Trial compound morpholine tablets or compound adamantane film and Isatidis granules treatment, the dosage can be determined according to pig body weight and drug content.2, taking antibiotics or sulfa drugs, to prevent bacterial infection.Seriously ill pigs available penicillin and streptomycin, the plus virus Spirit, intramuscular injection, 2 times a day for 5 days.Antibiotics and antibiotics in the feed rate of 0.2%, but also make the condition was under control.
The swine flu is mucus virus found in pigs and a cause of local influenza is a respiratory disease, caused by influenza A virus (A-type influenza viruses). The swine flu is usually between the outbreak of swine. Autumn and winter is a high incidence of the year to transmit. Previous human cases of swine flu, but no human to human transmission in case. Swine flu in Mexico in April 2009 caused a number of more than 150 death events, and there are signs of spreading across the globe. April 30, 2009 World Health Organization announced that from now on, the WHO, referring to the influenza outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza, "the name on the site. FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health has also made the same decision.
Swine flu - OverviewSwine influenza is referred to as swine flu. The swine flu is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the swine flu virus. The clinical characteristics of swine flu as sudden onset, rapid spread of the whole group. The swine flu virus is mainly present in the respiratory secretions of pigs, the discharge of polluting the environment, such as feeding drinking. Pigs, droplets, air, mice, mosquitoes are disease transmission. At the onset of the swine influenza, pigs appetite decreased or did not eat, conjunctival flushing out of sticky secretions from the nose, body temperature increased rapidly to 40.5 ℃ to 42.5 ℃, listlessness, coughing, breathing and heart rate increase in the number of the last severe asthma, was abdominal or dog sitting breathing. Stool dry and hard to constipation, yellow urine loss, limb weakness, unwilling to activities.The symptoms of swine flu are similar to the common cold, diseased body temperature up to above 40 ℃, sometimes as high as 42 ℃. Eyes, noses and often out of the sticky secretions, nose juice, sometimes with redness of the skin, often shortness of breath, showed the abdominal breathing, mixed with intermittent cough, Eat or not eat, dry hard stool, but also the common muscle and joint pain, joy lying more than pigs crowded together.
The swine flu is characterized by the oncoming sudden large occurrence of severe symptoms, but the short duration, the majority of pigs in recovery within a week, a few pigs to the occurrence of secondary infection, hemorrhagic lobar pneumonia or enteritis and death. Anatomical dead pigs found lesions in the respiratory organs, visible on the respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi) mucosal bleeding, a large number of foamy liquid, or mixed with blood. Fresh beef-like lesions in the lung leaves, pointed leaves and middle leaves, was purple, mostly irregular symmetry. Lung disease area atelectasis, collapse, and the surrounding lung tissue emphysema (the appearance of a pale color). Hilar and mediastinal lymph edema, hyperemia.Swine flu - renamedA/H1N1 flu World Health Organization announced on the website on April 30, 2009 said: From now on, the WHO, referring to the influenza outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza, "the name. FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health has also made the same decision.
World Health Organization, the FAO and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have repeatedly pointed out that the A/H1N1 virus has genes from swine, poultry and human fragments found in North America, there is no evidence that this virus in pigs spread among pigs to humans, there is no evidence that eating processed pork or other pig products can cause infections in humans. The temperature normally used in cooking meat (eg 70 ° C core temperature) will readily inactivate any viruses that may be present in raw meat products.FAO April 30 June, through the media was informed that the Egyptian Government's intention to slaughter all pigs in the 29th FAO on the 30th, made direct contact with the Egyptian Government. The Egyptian government said the country's plan is to check in pigs, once a farm of pigs carrying the A/H1N1 virus, the animals in the farm implementation of slaughter, instead of all the slaughter of all pigs.OIE stressed that the slaughter of pigs is not the appropriate means of safeguarding public and animal health, governments should focus on the implementation of disease surveillance and strengthening biosecurity measures of pig farms, slaughterhouses and other places.
Swine flu - basic overviewThe epidemic spread of the map (April 28, 2009) at the end of March 2009, the swine flu (influenza A virus H1N1) in Mexico and the United States, California, Texas, began erupting more than 4,000 people were infected and led to 152 people dead (as of 2009), later more spreading trend. The failure to detect all cases, the World Health Organization all the cases known as the suspected flu-like illness. These cases have serious suspected flu symptoms and even pneumonia, lead to death, like Mexico. The genetic part of this new variant of influenza virus from the human influenza virus, the rest from the swine flu. In April, the World Health Organization and U.S. Centers for Disease and Control Centre for the new variant, the risk of suspected human to human transmission in Mexico fatal expressed great concern.The swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. Occasionally occur, usually those that direct contact with infected pigs, such as farm workers. U.S. scientists said the swine flu virus may be preventable, controllable. U.S. cure for Tamiflu (Hong Kong Chinese to Tamiflu, Taiwan translated as Tamiflu). This is a special medicine for the flu and been on the market for 10 years, but due to side effects, cause insanity, only there are 54 people in Japan died after taking Tamiflu, the sales have been bad. The swine flu appeared, Duffy immediately sell very hot, and the side effects seem to be forgotten. Tamiflu currently is considered the most effective drugs against highly pathogenic avian influenza. The overseas media said there may be another "conspiracy".
Swine flu - the symptoms of sick
Strengthen the prevention of symptoms of illness swine influenza A H1N1 subtype of the major symptoms are: fever (above 37.8 degrees Celsius), muscle pain, cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, vomiting and even diarrhea-like symptoms.
The main symptoms: flu-like symptoms of fever, cough, fatigue, loss of appetite and so on.
The mode of transmission: spread by people - people in the form, sneezing, coughing and physical contact can transmit the virus. Trace the virus can be retained in the desktop, telephone, or other flat surface, then spread through the fingers and the eyes, nose, mouth contact.
Prevention: adequate sleep, and diligent exercise, wash your hands, keep the ventilation of indoor, and to develop good personal hygiene habits. Cover your cough or sneeze, wash hands frequently, to the end of alcohol hand milk or foam disinfectant to kill bacteria or viruses is also very good. Swine flu and other virus resistance to the outside world is poor, as long as heated to 71 ° C, will be able to kill the swine flu virus.
Incubation period: the new swine flu virus may be latent in the human body seven days later showed the disease.
Mortality: the swine flu mortality rate was 6.77%, higher than the average flu, its high mortality rate for two main reasons: First, the virus ferocious; two people initially do not attach importance to the new disease, that is the common cold. a lot of people yourself to some drugs, missed the best treatment of early-onset 72 hours.
Susceptible populations: mostly young adults, age is concentrated in the 25-year-old to 45 years.
Prevention vaccine: invalid mankind has developed influenza vaccine for the swine flu swine flu can prevent, controllable, can cure.
Swine flu - mode of transmission
Infection: swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. Occasionally occur, usually those that direct contact with infected pigs, such as farm workers. "We've seen swine influenza in the past few years directly infect humans, in most cases, this is from direct pig contact. But this seems different." Flu expert Dr. Arnold Monto of the University of Michigan.
Communication: in the case of the virus from person to person transmission may have been formed in the same way seasonal flu, through coughing and sneezing of infected people.
Swine flu - the treatment and prevention of48 hours of oral administration of Tamiflu can be effectively controlledDrugs rule there are four different drugs approved in the U.S. treatment of influenza, but the new virus showed resistance. The center proposes the use of flu drugs Tamiflu and Relenza.PreventionSwine flu can be spread through coughing or sneezing, therefore coughing or sneezing should cover your mouth, nose; more and more evidence that influenza virus can survive for some time on the surface of some daily necessities, there may be spread by hand to mouth nose, eyes, and therefore should wash their hands, but also often use alcohol as daily necessities disinfection.The American research and drug treatmentGene sequencing of these cases, swine influenza virus from four different flu viruses unusually composed, respectively, is the North American swine influenza viruses, North American bird flu virus, human influenza A subtype H1N1 virus and is common in Asia, Europe The swine influenza virus.Variants of influenza virus to amantadine (amantadine) and rimantadine (rimantadine) showing resistance to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) to combat this new variant of influenza virus . Temporarily display the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene with the 1999 U.S. swine flu, but the neuraminidase (NA) and the hybrid protein (M) genes are like a new species from Europe, a variety of swine flu combination. Seasonal H1N1 influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection for human.Swine flu - swine, symptoms and treatmentThe swine flu occurred in the winter and spring, spring more than in the early spring, is endemic.
The high incidence of the disease, the incubation period of 2 - 7 days, the course of a week or so. In the incidence of mismanagement, prone bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, increased mortality in pigs, it should pay attention to the disease prevention and control.First, the symptomsPigs is sudden onset of fever, lethargy, loss of appetite or not eat, often lying together, do not want to activities, difficulty breathing, intense coughing, eyes, noses and mucus.Second, the pathogenSwine flu virus, a single strand of negative-strand RNA virus, H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H4N6 and other subtypes.Third, the clinical diagnostic criteriaLate autumn, early spring and winter (1) multiple; sudden outbreak, and spread rapidly, soon involving most of the pigs or the pigs, initially identified as influenza.(2) pigs tearing, increased nasal discharge, severe cough, abdominal breathing; temperature 40 ° C -42 ° C, the clinical symptoms typical of great reference value; diffuse bronchial pneumonia, the lungs become extremely heavy and full of edema fluid, necrosis, and normal lung tissue boundaries; secondary infection mortality rate is low; pregnancy sow miscarriage.(3) laboratory diagnosis: AGP; ELISA,; by RT-PCR; virus isolation, identification, etc..Fourth, the treatmentAntipyretic and analgesic, such as metamizole sodium, compound aminopyrine, Antongding; control bacterial infection, intramuscular injection of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, anthracene, enoxacin, two fluorine sand star, amikacin, The Apra neomycin, gentamicin, cephalosporins, penicillin, streptomycin, and increased efficiency sulfonamides and other.Cook five pork can prevent swine flu, prevention prevention: to adopt comprehensive measures to strengthen management, strict disinfection, disinfection of the environment can choose the 0.3% -0.5% peracetic acid; strict control rats, cats, dogs, birds and other poultry into pig field; farms not feeding ducks, geese, etc.; fattening house full all out system can reduce the disease occurred, but it is difficult to eradicate; prohibited from entering the pig breeder suffering from influenza; made of the local epidemic strains of serotype unit price or more the price of seedlings immunization., Bedding and frequently changes the hay, and be disinfected regularly with 5% caustic soda on the pig.2, pay close attention to weather changes, once cooling, heating insulation in a timely manner.3, to prevent exposure of susceptible pigs infected animals.
A type of influenza, we can not contact with pigs.4, with the swine flu adjuvant inactivated vaccine on pigs twice a continuous vaccination, the immune period of up to eight monthsAdditional1, no special drugs for this disease, only symptomatic treatment drugs to alleviate the condition, to avoid the occurrence of secondary infection. Trial compound morpholine tablets or compound adamantane film and Isatidis granules treatment, the dosage can be determined according to pig body weight and drug content.2, taking antibiotics or sulfa drugs, to prevent bacterial infection.Seriously ill pigs available penicillin and streptomycin, the plus virus Spirit, intramuscular injection, 2 times a day for 5 days.Antibiotics and antibiotics in the feed rate of 0.2%, but also make the condition was under control.
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