About Poisonous Pants:
The plant is widely distributed in nature, is naturally an indispensable part, to provide food to humans, is also an important industrial raw materials. They are closely related to people's lives. But the chemical composition of the plants themselves, many toxic substances inadvertently come into contact with, it may cause a lot of illness and even death. Novels are often able to see the shadow of the plant, and to conduct a more detailed summary of the classification of toxic plants toxic ingredients in accordance with the plant. Many of which we are very familiar with that previously may not have learned of their toxicity.
Poisonous plants - including glycosides
Digitalis 1, oleander: evergreen shrub, to open pink or white flowers, widely distributed, leaves, flowers and bark are toxic. (My pro've seen, it's spent playing like a child adopted, is now a place to learn a lot of oleander, and then not only appreciate hands.)
2, Digitalis: alfalfa, also known as digitalis, herb cultivated all over. Full column covering short-haired, leaves ovate, early summer flowering, toward the side of its leaves toxic.
3, lily of the valley: herbs, northeast and northern mountains wild flower is bell-shaped, white aroma, the whole plant is poisonous.
4, poisonous hairs bindweed: also known the curare divaricoside, shrubs, China Yunnan, Guangdong cultivated flowers in yellow, purple spots, white milk, whole plant toxic.
5, poisoned arrows tree: also known as the Antiaris throat "deciduous tree, distributed in Guangxi, Hainan, 20 to 25 m high, leaves ovate elliptic was purple Sarcocarp, juice toxic.
6: sorghum seedlings, cassava, apricot Li Mei Ren, Polygala, bellflower, acacia.
Poisonous plants - containing alkaloids
Belladonna 1, Mandala: herb, 1 to 2 m, stems erect, leaves oval, summer flowering, spendthrift like, Corolla funnel-shaped, white, whole plant poisonous seeds of the most toxic. (Also I was a kid picking flowers, ha ha)
2, Belladonna: perennial herb, the leaves are alternate, one large and one small, summer flowering, bell-shaped, lavender, fruit is a berry spherical, dark purple when mature, the leaves and roots toxic. (Eaten its fruit)
3, henbane: herbs, Northeast China, Hebei, Gansu and other places wild, the whole plant hairy, bad taste, summer flowering, yellow funnel-shaped, the whole plant toxic.
Aconitum: herb, located in China's central and eastern hilly, stems erect, autumn flowering, the root toxic.
5, hemlock: herb distributed in northeast, north, northwest and Inner Mongolia along the rhizomes mast aroma and sweet autumn hollow stems and white flowers, the whole plant is poisonous.
6, Oncorhynchus: Gelsemium elegans, also known as evergreen shrubs, flowering summer of Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian distributed to its roots, stems and leaves are toxic, folk used to insecticide. (Heard the name of Gelsemium elegans, no pro ever seen.)
7: Tripterygium (Root toxic), Nux vomica seed (loganic) highly toxic.
Poisonous plants - toxic proteins
1, abrin, also known as red beans, located in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, China Southern, lianas, branches thin, spring and summer flowering, seed meters red. Its roots, leaves, seeds are poisonous, the most poisonous seeds. Information (when turned to see these when even do not want to believe, huh, huh.)
2, croton tree: trees, located in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Taiwan, summer flowering, seed toxic.
Poisonous plants - containing phenolic1, Ivy: evergreen lianas, around are distributed, leaves oval, late autumn flowering fruit spherical, Orange. The whole plant is poisonous.Derris: also known as Mao Derris, located in China's coastal areas, Ye, folders fruit, root and stem are toxic. Mainly on fish toxicity.3: oak, kudzu, sumac, ground potato, betel nuts. Special note: chewing betel nuts can increase the risk of oral cancer incidence.
Poisonous plants - toxic fungiIdentify poisonous fungi feather Lactarius toxic fungi, only 11 remember, receive expert guidance, observe the color, odor, touch and smell to see if the actual to understand. Edible mushrooms pay special attention to distinguish whether toxic.Folk have some method to identify poisonous mushrooms and edible mushrooms:Poisonous mushroom and more variety of color and beautiful: non-toxic mushroom showed mostly white or dark brown.2, the cap on the sarcoma, stipe on the loop and volva toxic; otherwise non-toxic.3, poisonous mushroom found growing in dirty, wet, rich in organic matter; non-toxic mushroom is grown in a clean place.Poisonous mushroom collection and easy to change, non-toxic mushrooms are difficult to change.Poisonous mushroom mostly soft and juicy, non-toxic mushrooms are more dense and fragile.6 poison mushroom juice muddy the clear water, non-toxic mushroom like milk.7, poisonous mushroom flavor and more bitterness of Kula, non-toxic mushroom is very delicious.8, cook mushrooms, poison mushrooms make silver utensils black, add milk, milk immediately solidified.However, these methods are not infallible. Mushroom shape, color, ecology and toxins are not necessarily linked. Some mushrooms are poisonous, but after washed, boiled, dried or cooked, toxicity will reduce or less.
Feed mushrooms always to follow the following principles:1 to avoid the long white gills and stem base the the volva (cyclic attached circle) as well as the carrier ring stem fungi. Any cut wounds umbrella fungi species are not to eat yellow fungus meat.2 avoid any fungi is corruption. Unless it can be confirmed that the edible species, otherwise throw away.Different types of germs cause different symptoms. Common symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, extreme thirst, night sweats, cramps, dizziness, blindness, decreased body temperature.3 after eating poisonous mushrooms, you should try to eliminate the poison, available in warm salt water enema catharsis vomiting after poisoning, but also drink plenty of dilute brine or vomiting caused by the throat with a finger, with a 1% saline or the tea water repeatedly gastrolavage the, in order to avoid the body continues to absorb toxins.Edible wild plants and fungi than the cultivation of vegetables nutritional value, but do not risk being poisonous, best not distinguish toxic not toxic when to give up.
Poisonous plants - identification methodThe hydrangeas experts, in some of the new cell, and all kinds of colorful flowers and landscaping. For curious children, parents must teach them to stay away from poisonous plants. Such as wisteria, hydrangeas, daffodils, oleander, rhododendron and others have varying degrees of toxicity.
Considered incomplete poisonous plants, can remember several is: avoid the sense of plants in dry or spicy hot juice in contact with the skin or tongue; Do not collect any plants with milky white milky sap; Do not collected bright red plants; Do not go to the collection split into five shaped berries; collection has a tiny barbs on the stems and leaves of weeds or other plants best not; Do acquisition aging or withered leaves. And collected mature ferns Do (usually long in the dark and damp). There are many plants have large concentrations of toxic substances in the section of thick roots or bulbs, tubers, bulbs, etc. under the ground, such as narcissus bulbs.
Poisonous plants - alternative pesticides disinsectedHu vine According to FAO estimates, the pest allows grain yield losses of 20% to 40%, in order to deal with pests and diseases, global pesticide use up to 200 million tons per year. Long-term large-scale use of chemical pesticides, resulting in a large number of forestry health pests developed resistance to them. For example, Plutella resistance ratios of methyl 1605 is 21,000 times on methomyl 1049 times 6768 times the four deltamethrin.
Extensive use of chemical pesticides, not only exacerbate environmental pollution is directly endanger human health. Recently, the Ministry of Health announced that the very serious situation of food poisoning caused by pesticides in China last year, a total of 41 cases of poisoning incidents occurred, number 1311 poisoning death of 35 people. Therefore, the world of the production and use of chemical pesticides developed strict regulations, relevant organizations of the United Nations also issued a manual disable and restrict the use of 500 kinds of chemical pesticides.
In the face of a series of serious problems caused long-term unrestrained use of chemical pesticides, scientists from various countries from stepping up research poisonous plants and to promote the application of plant pesticides find a way out. Of plant pesticides also known as biological pesticides, poisonous plants in a variety of insecticidal components extracted from pesticides.
Compared to chemical pesticides, plant pesticides outstanding advantages:
Treats First it insecticidal active ingredient is a natural substance, after administration easier decomposed into non-toxic substances, less pollution to the environment. For example, "Derris cyanide" This insecticide, the use of ultra-high doses of spraying, after five days in the soil can not be detected toxic ingredients, toxic substances is also minimal residue on the vegetables, "the rational use of pesticides guidelines provisions allow the residual amount of 0.1% to 2.2%. Chemical pesticide DDT, the world has been disabled for 10 years, but we are in close contact with the land, waters and aquatic products, there is still a high content.
Diversification of plant insecticide insecticidal components, making pest resistance more difficult. Compatibility complex of traditional Chinese medicine with bacteria than a single component of the antibiotic harder to adapt is the same reason.
Safe plant pesticides on beneficial organisms (natural enemies of pests). According to the testing, the use of "Derris cyanide" the usual dose of the plant insecticide spraying, vegetables number one pest turnip aphid control effect reached 99.85%, while killing aphid natural enemies ladybug was only 11.58%.
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Monday, March 25, 2013
Woody Mandala-Poisonous plants
Poisonous plants-Woody Mandala
About Woody Mandala
Woody Mandala, the scientific name "Brugmansia", is the plant kingdom's most likely to make people into zombies terrible guy. Also known as "angel's horn. This plant bears flowers of a beautiful morning glory, drooping, originating from South America, contains a series of powerful toxin, atropine, hyoscyamine car Belladonna alkali. Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body.
Woody Mandala - Basic information
The scopolamine, flowers contain more content up to 0.4%, also containing scopolamine. The leaves also contain two alkaloids. Xinhua Herbal Platform: Flower: hallucinogenic effects, also can be used as a raw material extracted scopolamine.
Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body, people simply do not know what they are doing, even if they are fully conscious state.
Woody Mandala - toxicity
Woody Mandala 2007 the VBS television documentary "Colombian Devil's breath" (Colombian Devil's Breath) described as criminals in Colombia car scopolamine is extracted from the "angel's horn" and made potent drugs such potent drugs to people simply do not know what they are doing, even if they are in a fully conscious state.
Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body, which allows criminals simply blown car scopolamine powder containing the target person face can achieve their goals. Colombian Devil's Breath "tells the audience a series of the horrific car hyoscyamine related story. In one story, a man had to own all the property out of the condo, and then handed over handed criminals hands. Later, he did not recall them what he had done.
Woody Mandala picture/Drooping of the morning glory
Woody Mandala Multiple Shoots Induction and Rapid Propagation:
To the the Solanaceae medicinal plant woody Mandala leaves as explants, obtained by one-step regeneration of multiple shoots regenerated plants, to establish rapid vegetative propagation of woody Mandala system. The results show that: woody Mandolin Luo best multiple shoots induction medium was MS +6- BA 3.0 mg / L + NAA 0.2 mg / L, the profusion bud differentiation rate of 91.4%, 13.5 average clustered buds doublings. rooting medium to 1 / 2MS + IBA 1.0 mg / L best rooting rate was up to 94.5%.
About Woody Mandala
Woody Mandala, the scientific name "Brugmansia", is the plant kingdom's most likely to make people into zombies terrible guy. Also known as "angel's horn. This plant bears flowers of a beautiful morning glory, drooping, originating from South America, contains a series of powerful toxin, atropine, hyoscyamine car Belladonna alkali. Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body.
Woody Mandala - Basic information
The scopolamine, flowers contain more content up to 0.4%, also containing scopolamine. The leaves also contain two alkaloids. Xinhua Herbal Platform: Flower: hallucinogenic effects, also can be used as a raw material extracted scopolamine.
Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body, people simply do not know what they are doing, even if they are fully conscious state.
Woody Mandala - toxicity
Woody Mandala 2007 the VBS television documentary "Colombian Devil's breath" (Colombian Devil's Breath) described as criminals in Colombia car scopolamine is extracted from the "angel's horn" and made potent drugs such potent drugs to people simply do not know what they are doing, even if they are in a fully conscious state.
Car scopolamine through the skin and mucous membranes to be absorbed by the body, which allows criminals simply blown car scopolamine powder containing the target person face can achieve their goals. Colombian Devil's Breath "tells the audience a series of the horrific car hyoscyamine related story. In one story, a man had to own all the property out of the condo, and then handed over handed criminals hands. Later, he did not recall them what he had done.
Woody Mandala Multiple Shoots Induction and Rapid Propagation:
To the the Solanaceae medicinal plant woody Mandala leaves as explants, obtained by one-step regeneration of multiple shoots regenerated plants, to establish rapid vegetative propagation of woody Mandala system. The results show that: woody Mandolin Luo best multiple shoots induction medium was MS +6- BA 3.0 mg / L + NAA 0.2 mg / L, the profusion bud differentiation rate of 91.4%, 13.5 average clustered buds doublings. rooting medium to 1 / 2MS + IBA 1.0 mg / L best rooting rate was up to 94.5%.
Wednesday, January 9, 2013
Cystitis
Cystitis-What is cystitis?
Cystitis (cystitis) is one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract, almost entirely secondary infection, particularly common in women. Of the disease in the majority of cases not appear as a separate disease, but rather part of the urinary tract infections or other diseases of the urinary system, secondary infection. Bladder can be divided into acute and chronic inflammation, both can be transformed into each other the acute cystitis lack definitive treatment can be persistent into chronic, chronic cystitis in the lower body resistance or the local lesions factors heavier, can be converted into acute attack. Women merger urethritis in men is often associated with prostatitis. Normal bladder mucosa has resistance to infection, and due to urine frequently emptying, it is not easy to inflammation; gall bladder urethral obstruction (such as an enlarged prostate, urethral stricture) or bladder lesions (such as stones, foreign bodies, cancer and indwelling catheter) when susceptible. The most common pathogen E. coli and Proteus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, followed by often rose from the urethra (such as prostate vesiculitis, vaginitis) or down to the bladder from the kidney (pyelonephritis), adjacent inflammation ( such as pelvic inflammatory disease) can also be spread through the lymphatic or direct extension and.
Cystitis - OverviewCystitis is a common urinary tract infections, accounting for about 50% of the total number of urinary tract infections to 70%. Caused by bacterial infection. The bacteria most of the E. coli.Usually occur in women, because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra, and close to the anus, E. coli is easy invade.
Is that the most typical symptoms of cystitis urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and even urge incontinence, hematuria and pyuria.
The adult women cystitis mainly for urinary tract irritation (bladder irritation), frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, urinary discomfort and other symptoms. Many white blood cells in urine, occasional hematuria, or even gross hematuria. Generally no obvious symptoms of systemic poisoning, the small number of patients with low back pain, fever (usually no more than 38 ° C). Check blood, no significant increase in white blood cell count is usually.
Cystitis prone menstrual period and after intercourse, urinary tract, gynecological equipment inspection. The disease has a tendency to whites, about 40% in the 7 to 10 days of self-healing. Cystitis cure from happening again is very common, but the majority (80%) re-infection, and recurrence is rare.
The cystitis Men rarely develop the disease. But men can not be ignored cystitis. Men if urinary tract obstruction such as benign prostatic hypertrophy or bladder stones, foreign bodies are also susceptible to cystitis. Male cystitis have potential severity, because it is usually caused by some sort, such as obstruction or tumor potential of urinary tract diseases, or caused by a spread of infection of the urinary tract elsewhere. The symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, itching, burning, and blood in the urine.These symptoms may be secondary symptoms, to say may also suffer from other diseases glass should be used to treat cystitis antibiotic drugs, and must be treated early to avoid chronic cystitis. At the same time, the need for a comprehensive examination of the urinary system, these checks for cystoscopy and intravenous urography photography check. Once you have identified the potential of the disease, it should be the treatment for the underlying disease.
Cystitis - CausesA lot of the cause of cystitis cystitis but most of pyogenic bacteria infection. Incentives stones, foreign body, tumor or obstructive lesions, including nervous system disease urination dysfunction. Cystitis acute inflammatory pathological changes in mucosal congestion and edema, bleeding and ulcer formation, pus or necrotic tissue chronic inflammation and mucosal hyperplasia or atrophy, granulation tissue formation, and fibrous tissue proliferation reduced bladder capacity; or concurrent blocking caused by muscle hypertrophy, increased bladder capacity and even the formation of diverticula change. There is also a special kind of inflammatory changes gangrenous cystitis caused by Fusobacterium, Clostridium perfringens severe bladder inflammation.Bieniao careful cystitis
Pointed out that according to statistics, Taiwan has nearly 40,005 thousand patients with interstitial cystitis, which women than men's, eight times, which shows women superhuman forbearance power "very easy to accidentally Biechu the wrong.
The typical symptoms of interstitial cystitis, urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, lower abdominal pain, hematuria is also a common symptom of.
The consequences of holding back urine may guide bladder fibrosis, reduced bladder capacity, even ureteral urine reflux, causing hydronephrosis kidney inflammation, pain will be doubled up in urine, the problem is that the location of pain may be in the urethra and perineum, must wait until after urination pain will be slowed down. In addition, a variety of sex or life pressure will exacerbations or relapse, showing anxiety, nervous phenomenon. So, usually want to put urine, should be ruled out, as soon as possible so as not to cause unbearable consequences. Most people in addition to urinary frequency, urgency, about 70% of people will feel pelvic pain, more than half of people with pain during intercourse, of course, also about five percent of the people in the middle of the night wake up pain, of course, this situation easily affect the work situation, even the role in the family can not take into account. If you encounter such a situation you want to do?
Healing Way: in case you accidentally suffering from interstitial cystitis, first, do not be flustered, a significant effect of drug treatment, follow the doctor's instructions, to improve personal habits to avoid anxiety, emotional stress, hot-tempered, mental and physical balance, it is fast you can get rid of that pain! So do not worry too much about it.
Diagnosis of cystitis -Acute cystitisThe more typical symptoms, generally not difficult to diagnose. Based on a history of urinary frequency, urgency and dysuria, urine routine examination shows red blood cells, pus, urine bacterial cultures per milliliter of urine bacterial count exceeds 100,000 can confirm the diagnosis.
Chronic cystitisDiagnostic aspects in addition to a general examination of the body, the most important is to identify the type of bacteria and drug sensitivity test results to find the cause infection persists or recurs. Chronic nonspecific cystitis with other types of cystitis phase identification, such as tuberculous cystitis, interstitial cystitis, chemical cystitis.
Cystitis - Differential DiagnosisAcute pyelonephritisApart from bladder irritation, as well as chills, fever and kidney area percussion pain.Bladder tuberculosisWas chronic cystitis symptoms, poor response to conventional antibiotic therapy, can be found in the acid-fast bacilli in the urine, urography nephroureterectomy TB change. The late formation contracture bladder.Interstitial CystitisUrine is clear, very little pus, bacteria, bladder filling pain.
Cystitis - clinical manifestationsMale cystitis symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and even urge incontinence, hematuria, pyuria, turbid urine, the smell of corruption, itching, burning, blood in the urine. Acute cystitis, urinary frequency, urgency, and often particularly evident in up to 5 to 6 times per hour or more, each time a small amount of urine, or even only a few drops of urination terminal may have lower abdominal pain. There will be a mild tenderness in the suprapubic area. Seen in some patients with mild low back pain.[1] acute cystitisOften sudden onset, urethral burning pain during urination, frequent urination, often accompanied by urgency, similar severe urinary incontinence, urinary urgency often particularly evident up to 5 to 6 times per hour or more, each time a small amount of urine, and even only a few drops, urination terminal can have pain in the lower abdomen. Turbid urine, hematuria sometimes, often evident in end-stage.
The suprapubic area has mild tenderness. Seen in some patients with mild low back pain. Inflammatory lesions confined to the bladder mucosa, often without fever and blood leukocytosis, mild symptoms, some patients have a sense of fatigue. Women new marriage acute cystitis called honeymoon cystitis. Shorter duration of acute cystitis, such as timely treatment, the symptoms disappear in about one week.
Chronic cystitisUrinary frequency, urgency, dysuria symptoms exist for a long time, and repeated attacks, but not as severe acute phase, a small amount of pus cells, red blood cells, or in the amount of urine. Cystitis timely treatment, the symptoms will disappear soon, this time patients do not take it lightly to adhere to treatment, by examining the doctor to confirm cystitis cure to stop and not to let cystitis into chronic.
- Symptoms of cystitisCystitis cystitis specific and non-specific bacterial infections. The former refers to the purpose of bladder tuberculosis. Due to nonspecific cystitis Department of Escherichia coli, vice Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic. The former incidence of sudden, burning sensation during urination, and pain in the urethra area. Sometimes urgency and severity of urinary frequency. The very important point is that the above symptoms occur both in the evening and during the day, common women. Common terminal hematuria. When gross hematuria and clot discharge. Patients feel the frail weakness, fever, high fever, suprapubic discomfort and back pain can also be.Physical examination and sometimes suprapubic discomfort, but waist tenderness. Male concurrent epididymitis or urethritis. Female concurrent pelvic inflammatory disease and easy to repeated attacks.
Similar to the symptoms of chronic cystitis and acute cystitis, but no fever, symptoms for several weeks or intermittent seizures so sick fatigue, weight loss, waist and abdomen and bladder discomfort perineal area or pain, sometimes dizziness dizziness and other symptoms of neurasthenia.
Chronic cystitis in the bladder microscope, you can see the edema and inflammation of the bladder neck and the bladder trigone, the entire bladder presents sheet inflamed mucosa, easy bleeding, severe mucosal ulceration, sometimes covered with exudate. Inflammatory cells invading the mucosal and muscular, with fibrosis, bladder elasticity and reduce the capacity.
Cystitis acute cystitis diagnosis based on medical history and symptoms, midstream urine examination to be done. Urine pus cells and red blood cells for timely treatment, can be first urine smear row Gram staining, initially clear the nature of bacteria and bacterial culture, colony count and antibiotic susceptibility test provides a more accurate basis for blood after treatment leukocytosis. Acute cystitis avoid cystoscopyThe diagnosis of chronic cystitis need detailed comprehensive genitourinary examination in order to identify the presence or absence of chronic kidney infection, except for male patients will be the penis head posthitis prostate vesiculitis; female patients should be excluded from urethritis, urethral diverticulum, bladder prolapse vaginal inflammation and urethra hymen umbrella or fusion.
Cystitis (cystitis) is one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract, almost entirely secondary infection, particularly common in women. Of the disease in the majority of cases not appear as a separate disease, but rather part of the urinary tract infections or other diseases of the urinary system, secondary infection. Bladder can be divided into acute and chronic inflammation, both can be transformed into each other the acute cystitis lack definitive treatment can be persistent into chronic, chronic cystitis in the lower body resistance or the local lesions factors heavier, can be converted into acute attack. Women merger urethritis in men is often associated with prostatitis. Normal bladder mucosa has resistance to infection, and due to urine frequently emptying, it is not easy to inflammation; gall bladder urethral obstruction (such as an enlarged prostate, urethral stricture) or bladder lesions (such as stones, foreign bodies, cancer and indwelling catheter) when susceptible. The most common pathogen E. coli and Proteus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, followed by often rose from the urethra (such as prostate vesiculitis, vaginitis) or down to the bladder from the kidney (pyelonephritis), adjacent inflammation ( such as pelvic inflammatory disease) can also be spread through the lymphatic or direct extension and.
Cystitis - OverviewCystitis is a common urinary tract infections, accounting for about 50% of the total number of urinary tract infections to 70%. Caused by bacterial infection. The bacteria most of the E. coli.Usually occur in women, because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra, and close to the anus, E. coli is easy invade.
Is that the most typical symptoms of cystitis urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and even urge incontinence, hematuria and pyuria.
The adult women cystitis mainly for urinary tract irritation (bladder irritation), frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, urinary discomfort and other symptoms. Many white blood cells in urine, occasional hematuria, or even gross hematuria. Generally no obvious symptoms of systemic poisoning, the small number of patients with low back pain, fever (usually no more than 38 ° C). Check blood, no significant increase in white blood cell count is usually.
Cystitis prone menstrual period and after intercourse, urinary tract, gynecological equipment inspection. The disease has a tendency to whites, about 40% in the 7 to 10 days of self-healing. Cystitis cure from happening again is very common, but the majority (80%) re-infection, and recurrence is rare.
The cystitis Men rarely develop the disease. But men can not be ignored cystitis. Men if urinary tract obstruction such as benign prostatic hypertrophy or bladder stones, foreign bodies are also susceptible to cystitis. Male cystitis have potential severity, because it is usually caused by some sort, such as obstruction or tumor potential of urinary tract diseases, or caused by a spread of infection of the urinary tract elsewhere. The symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, itching, burning, and blood in the urine.These symptoms may be secondary symptoms, to say may also suffer from other diseases glass should be used to treat cystitis antibiotic drugs, and must be treated early to avoid chronic cystitis. At the same time, the need for a comprehensive examination of the urinary system, these checks for cystoscopy and intravenous urography photography check. Once you have identified the potential of the disease, it should be the treatment for the underlying disease.
Cystitis - CausesA lot of the cause of cystitis cystitis but most of pyogenic bacteria infection. Incentives stones, foreign body, tumor or obstructive lesions, including nervous system disease urination dysfunction. Cystitis acute inflammatory pathological changes in mucosal congestion and edema, bleeding and ulcer formation, pus or necrotic tissue chronic inflammation and mucosal hyperplasia or atrophy, granulation tissue formation, and fibrous tissue proliferation reduced bladder capacity; or concurrent blocking caused by muscle hypertrophy, increased bladder capacity and even the formation of diverticula change. There is also a special kind of inflammatory changes gangrenous cystitis caused by Fusobacterium, Clostridium perfringens severe bladder inflammation.Bieniao careful cystitis
Pointed out that according to statistics, Taiwan has nearly 40,005 thousand patients with interstitial cystitis, which women than men's, eight times, which shows women superhuman forbearance power "very easy to accidentally Biechu the wrong.
The typical symptoms of interstitial cystitis, urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, lower abdominal pain, hematuria is also a common symptom of.
The consequences of holding back urine may guide bladder fibrosis, reduced bladder capacity, even ureteral urine reflux, causing hydronephrosis kidney inflammation, pain will be doubled up in urine, the problem is that the location of pain may be in the urethra and perineum, must wait until after urination pain will be slowed down. In addition, a variety of sex or life pressure will exacerbations or relapse, showing anxiety, nervous phenomenon. So, usually want to put urine, should be ruled out, as soon as possible so as not to cause unbearable consequences. Most people in addition to urinary frequency, urgency, about 70% of people will feel pelvic pain, more than half of people with pain during intercourse, of course, also about five percent of the people in the middle of the night wake up pain, of course, this situation easily affect the work situation, even the role in the family can not take into account. If you encounter such a situation you want to do?
Healing Way: in case you accidentally suffering from interstitial cystitis, first, do not be flustered, a significant effect of drug treatment, follow the doctor's instructions, to improve personal habits to avoid anxiety, emotional stress, hot-tempered, mental and physical balance, it is fast you can get rid of that pain! So do not worry too much about it.
Diagnosis of cystitis -Acute cystitisThe more typical symptoms, generally not difficult to diagnose. Based on a history of urinary frequency, urgency and dysuria, urine routine examination shows red blood cells, pus, urine bacterial cultures per milliliter of urine bacterial count exceeds 100,000 can confirm the diagnosis.
Chronic cystitisDiagnostic aspects in addition to a general examination of the body, the most important is to identify the type of bacteria and drug sensitivity test results to find the cause infection persists or recurs. Chronic nonspecific cystitis with other types of cystitis phase identification, such as tuberculous cystitis, interstitial cystitis, chemical cystitis.
Cystitis - Differential DiagnosisAcute pyelonephritisApart from bladder irritation, as well as chills, fever and kidney area percussion pain.Bladder tuberculosisWas chronic cystitis symptoms, poor response to conventional antibiotic therapy, can be found in the acid-fast bacilli in the urine, urography nephroureterectomy TB change. The late formation contracture bladder.Interstitial CystitisUrine is clear, very little pus, bacteria, bladder filling pain.
Cystitis - clinical manifestationsMale cystitis symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria and even urge incontinence, hematuria, pyuria, turbid urine, the smell of corruption, itching, burning, blood in the urine. Acute cystitis, urinary frequency, urgency, and often particularly evident in up to 5 to 6 times per hour or more, each time a small amount of urine, or even only a few drops of urination terminal may have lower abdominal pain. There will be a mild tenderness in the suprapubic area. Seen in some patients with mild low back pain.[1] acute cystitisOften sudden onset, urethral burning pain during urination, frequent urination, often accompanied by urgency, similar severe urinary incontinence, urinary urgency often particularly evident up to 5 to 6 times per hour or more, each time a small amount of urine, and even only a few drops, urination terminal can have pain in the lower abdomen. Turbid urine, hematuria sometimes, often evident in end-stage.
The suprapubic area has mild tenderness. Seen in some patients with mild low back pain. Inflammatory lesions confined to the bladder mucosa, often without fever and blood leukocytosis, mild symptoms, some patients have a sense of fatigue. Women new marriage acute cystitis called honeymoon cystitis. Shorter duration of acute cystitis, such as timely treatment, the symptoms disappear in about one week.
Chronic cystitisUrinary frequency, urgency, dysuria symptoms exist for a long time, and repeated attacks, but not as severe acute phase, a small amount of pus cells, red blood cells, or in the amount of urine. Cystitis timely treatment, the symptoms will disappear soon, this time patients do not take it lightly to adhere to treatment, by examining the doctor to confirm cystitis cure to stop and not to let cystitis into chronic.
- Symptoms of cystitisCystitis cystitis specific and non-specific bacterial infections. The former refers to the purpose of bladder tuberculosis. Due to nonspecific cystitis Department of Escherichia coli, vice Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic. The former incidence of sudden, burning sensation during urination, and pain in the urethra area. Sometimes urgency and severity of urinary frequency. The very important point is that the above symptoms occur both in the evening and during the day, common women. Common terminal hematuria. When gross hematuria and clot discharge. Patients feel the frail weakness, fever, high fever, suprapubic discomfort and back pain can also be.Physical examination and sometimes suprapubic discomfort, but waist tenderness. Male concurrent epididymitis or urethritis. Female concurrent pelvic inflammatory disease and easy to repeated attacks.
Similar to the symptoms of chronic cystitis and acute cystitis, but no fever, symptoms for several weeks or intermittent seizures so sick fatigue, weight loss, waist and abdomen and bladder discomfort perineal area or pain, sometimes dizziness dizziness and other symptoms of neurasthenia.
Chronic cystitis in the bladder microscope, you can see the edema and inflammation of the bladder neck and the bladder trigone, the entire bladder presents sheet inflamed mucosa, easy bleeding, severe mucosal ulceration, sometimes covered with exudate. Inflammatory cells invading the mucosal and muscular, with fibrosis, bladder elasticity and reduce the capacity.
Cystitis acute cystitis diagnosis based on medical history and symptoms, midstream urine examination to be done. Urine pus cells and red blood cells for timely treatment, can be first urine smear row Gram staining, initially clear the nature of bacteria and bacterial culture, colony count and antibiotic susceptibility test provides a more accurate basis for blood after treatment leukocytosis. Acute cystitis avoid cystoscopyThe diagnosis of chronic cystitis need detailed comprehensive genitourinary examination in order to identify the presence or absence of chronic kidney infection, except for male patients will be the penis head posthitis prostate vesiculitis; female patients should be excluded from urethritis, urethral diverticulum, bladder prolapse vaginal inflammation and urethra hymen umbrella or fusion.
Sinusitis -Nasal Sinusitis
Sinusitis -Nasal Sinusitis :What is Sinusitis?
Sinusitis is a non-specific inflammation of the sinus mucosa as a Rhinology common illnesses. Sinusitis is a common disease, can be divided into acute and chronic types, acute purulent sinusitis mostly secondary to acute rhinitis, nasal obstruction, and more purulent nasal discharge, headache as the main feature; often secondary to chronic purulent sinusitis acute purulent sinusitis multi Nongti mainly, stuffy nose, headache and smell disorders may be associated with varying severity. Usually pay attention to exercise, work and rest, modest clothing, and more than a breath of fresh air to avoid a dry nose, not easily drop by intranasal administration. Timely diagnosis and treatment of nasal lesions adjacent focal infection requiring treatment.
One or more sinus inflammation known as sinusitis, sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinus mucosa. Involving the sinuses include: maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinus, which is a higher prevalence in the population disease that affects the quality of life of the patients. Sinusitis can be divided into two kinds of acute and chronic sinusitis. Sinusitis can be single and also multiple. The most common causes of nasal sinus purulent inflammation secondary to infection. In addition, allergy, mechanical obstruction and air pressure change, etc. easily induced sinusitis, dental infections can cause odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.
Sinusitis can be divided into two kinds of acute and chronic sinusitis. Acute sinusitis <12 weeks duration, mainly sustained heavier upper respiratory infection symptoms, including nasal blockage, purulent nasal discharge, headache. Chronic sinusitis duration> 12 weeks. In addition, the swimming, the sewage into the sinuses, the spread of infection to neighboring organs nasal tumors obstruct sinus drainage, as well as the trauma can be caused by sinusitis.
Sinusitis - PathogenesisSinusitis Sinusitis etiology: mechanical blockage some diseases of the nasal cavity, such as a deviated nasal septum, middle turbinate hypertrophy, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, nasal foreign bodies or nasal tumor directly plug the sinus openings caused by sinusitis.
Sinusitis etiology, allergic reactions: allergic rhinitis or other allergic diseases, turbinate the mucosal height edema, edema of the mucosa can cause sinus ostium congestion caused by sinusitis. Sinus mucosal allergic changes, this inflammation is easier to secondary bacterial infection.
Sinusitis etiology, infection: mainly occurs after a cold, not treated in a timely manner, or not thoroughly inflammation from the nasal sinuses and surrounding tissue and spread to the cause. Cold, such as repeated unhealed, and the emergence of a persistent runny nose, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, coughing, headaches, snoring and other circumstances, about a week into acute sinusitis.
Sinusitis - pathophysiologicalEarly the acute catarrhal period, mucosal brief anemia, followed by vasodilation, increased permeability, mucous membrane irritation, epithelial swelling, bradykinesia ciliated epithelial lower polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, secretions of serous or mucinous. Into purulent period after aggravating sinus mucosal edema and blood vessels to dilate, more obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, secretion becomes mucopurulent more time passes, the more severe hyperemia, capillary bleeding, due to edema oppression, lack of blood supply, ciliated epithelial cell necrosis, this time secretions can occur as a yellow pus. The small number of cases the sinus wall osteitis, osteomyelitis and other complications can occur, is generally more common in young children.
Sinusitis - pathogenesisThe sinus of the gas-filled cavity in the skull, these cavities coated mucosa. Sinusitis represents the cavity mucous membrane swelling and inflammation. The most common causes of nasal sinus purulent inflammation secondary to infection. In addition, allergy, mechanical obstruction and air pressure change, etc. easily induced sinusitis, dental infections can cause odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.Sinusitis suffer from factors including the patient's physical, environmental factors, bacteria virulence with genetic traits in patients with sinonasal anatomical structure abnormalities, allergic factors is also one of the important reasons. In a variety of sinusitis, maxillary sinusitis, the most common, followed by the ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinus inflammation. The highest incidence of maxillary sinus due to the larger sinuses, sinus floor lower, while higher ostium, easy empyema, and living in the sinus below easily elsewhere inflammation infection, so the maxillary sinusitis. Severe sinusitis can be associated with the corresponding osteomyelitis or orbital and intracranial infection complications, severe cases can even be fatal. Sinusitis can be single and also multiple.
Sinusitis - pathology classificationSinusitis Acute sinusitis often after a cold nose blockage, increased purulent nasal discharge, hyposmia and headache. Headache parts in the former group sinuses (maxillary, frontal, anterior ethmoid) inflammation the forehead; inflammation of the group after sinus (posterior ethmoid and sphenoid) for the top of the head or occipital headache. The different sinus inflammation headache performance different example, the frontal sinus inflammation multi morning not long ago frontal headache, and gradually increased, and the afternoon alleviate. Acute sinusitis patients may be associated with symptoms of fever and general malaise. Visible nose or nasal endoscopy nasal congestion and swelling, purulent secretions in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft the respective sinus area tenderness, help diagnose sinus X-ray film. Systemic antibiotics and sulfa treatment, intranasal vasoconstrictors, physical therapy, and Chinese medicine treatment has some effect. Maxillary sinus empyema can be used for maxillary sinus puncture, to flush out the pus and injection of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Chronic sinusitis and nasal symptoms like acute sinusitis, but no systemic symptoms, longer duration, can be a headache, there will be no headache. See in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft nasal examination purulent secretions, mucosal thickening or polypoid changes of the middle turbinate and nasal passages, sinus X-ray film of great help in the diagnosis. Intranasal drops vasoconstrictor favor the of ventilation and Nongti drainage of the sinus, and also in conjunction with oral medicine. Multiple sinusitis can be used for the female pressure replacement therapy for maxillary sinus puncture purulent maxillary sinusitis. Nasal polyps, middle turbinate hypertrophy, deviated nasal septum, adenoidal hypertrophy mechanical obstruction factors, hinder ventilation and drainage of the sinuses, so difficult to cure inflammation, surgical therapy can be used, such as nasal polyp excision, nasal A resection surgery, nasal surgery, adenoid resection. Difficult to cure chronic sinusitis sinus surgery therapy available.
Lung by wind-heat type: card, see the operator plugs, the sticky snot yellow or white, the amount, fever, chills, headache, sore adverse reddish tongue, thin white fur or yellowish, floating pulse.The gall House swelter type: card, see the stuffy nose, snot-yellow cloud viscous samples such as pus, odor, smell, headache, and affected area severe pain and fever, mouth and throat pain, irritability, red tongue, yellow moss, pulse a few strings.Spleen by damp-heat: Certificate see snot yellow while the amount of stuffy nose heavy and sustained, olfactory difference and see the fever, head weight, such as wrap, body tired limbs heavy, chest tightness, abdominal distension, appetite appetite, yellow urine, red tongue, thick yellow greasy moss pulse number or slip number.Lung spleen deficiency type: card, see really plugs heavier, snot sticky white or yellow thick amount, smell, dizziness, Touzhang, short of breath, fatigue, cough and sputum white, eat less bloating, loose stools, pale tongue, white coating weak pulse.Stagnant Heat each node type: card, see the stench nasal congestion, runny turbid nasal discharge, the amount of multi-color yellow, and does not smell grow on trees, with headache, dry mouth, and do not want to drink, greasy yellow tongue coating, slippery pulse number.
Sinusitis - complicationsSinusitis Sinusitis pathogenesis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in the brain following living in the throat and mouth above, is located in between the two eyes of their mutual neighbor relationship. Nasal and sinus disease often spread to nearby tissue, which will cause a variety of complications. Extend the brain, can cause serious death throat orbital penetration, can also cause various diseases, especially for children, complications will affect the physical and mental development. Rhinitis, sinusitis cause complications in a variety of ways:
(1) direct infection: the nose and the mouth, throat, and lower respiratory tract and the digestive tract is directly connected, rhinitis, sinusitis secretions down drainage, directly stimulate these organizations, cause a variety of diseases.
(2) destruction of bone wall infection: sinusitis disease destruction sinus bone wall, inflammation often thus extended to other organizations, because sinuses different positions, it is also different cause complications, such as frontal sinusitis caused by orbital or intracranial complications; ethmoid sinusitis destroy the top wall of the invasive front fossa, through the side wall occurred orbital complications. Sphenoid sinusitis destroy the base of the skull can cause different complications within the brain can also cause retrobulbar neuritis. Maxillary sinusitis can cause complications such as orbital infection and the alveolar thin tube.
③ blood line infections: nasal cavity and sinuses have a rich vascular network, and orbital and intracranial complex, rhinitis and sinusitis bacteria and toxins, and damages the formation of blood clots intimal emboli with hematogenous spread other organs, causing complications.
The ④ via lymphatics infection: nasal or sinus lymphatic direct inflammatory substances spread to other organs or tissues incidence.
⑤ by the anatomical Channel: sinus bone wall many normal channels such as the ethmoid bone on the wall with many small holes, said sieve, mainly the channels leading to intracranial olfactory nerve fibers, the inflammation can be passed from sieve intracranial incidence . In addition, many blood vessels of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses directly with orbital and intracranial interlinked, the inflammation can cause complications along the vascular channels.
⑥ sinuses on the wall close to the eyes, when the the sinusitis onset, often cause serious complications of pharynx common orbital apex syndrome, retrobulbar optic neuritis.
⑦ sinus trauma: fracture caused by a fracture, penetrating injury or surgery damage due to bone wall, tissue destruction, and the incidence of invasive infections easy.
The sinusitis - Children sinusitisSinusitis sinusitis in children is the pediatric common, but not typical symptoms of sinusitis in children, the children can not accurately express the disease, as well as inexperienced clinicians, and its diagnostic rate lower than the actual incidence.
First manifested as headache or dizziness, sinus unique anatomical characteristics due to the children, so that part of sinusitis in children even always only headache symptoms atypical of nasal congestion, runny nose, ear fullness. Some children because of their age, will not be an accurate account of the above symptoms, often delay the correct diagnosis and treatment. Parents headache confined to one side, and the continued progress of the children, regardless of the presence or absence of obvious symptoms of Otolaryngology, ENT shall be to conduct detailed inspections, especially intranasal microscopy.
Sinusitis - chronic sinusitis disease IntroductionChronic sinusitis (chornic sinusitis) for chronic suppurative inflammation of the sinuses. More common than acute, often multiple sinus involvement.
Classification of Diseases
A simple chronic sinusitis
1: single sinusitis;
2: multiple sinusitis;
3: the whole group sinusitis.
2, chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps
1: single sinusitis associated with a single nasal polyps;
2: multiple sinusitis associated with multiple nasal polyps;
3: full set of sinusitis associated with multiple nasal polyps.
3, of multiple sinusitis or group of sinusitis associated with multiple, recurrent nasal polyps and / or ethmoid hyperostosis
Pathological classification
Acute sinusitisOften occur after a cold and nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge increased, hyposmia and headache. Headache parts in the former group sinuses (maxillary, frontal, anterior ethmoid) inflammation the forehead; inflammation of the group after sinus (posterior ethmoid and sphenoid) for the top of the head or occipital headache. The different sinus inflammation headache performance different example, the frontal sinus inflammation multi morning not long ago frontal headache, and gradually increased, and the afternoon alleviate. Acute sinusitis patients may be associated with symptoms of fever and general malaise. Visible nose or nasal endoscopy nasal congestion and swelling, purulent secretions in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft the respective sinus area tenderness, help diagnose sinus X-ray film. Systemic antibiotics and sulfa treatment, intranasal vasoconstrictors, physical therapy, and Chinese medicine treatment has some effect. Maxillary sinus empyema can be used for maxillary sinus puncture, to flush out the pus and injection of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Chronic sinusitis
Nasal symptoms like acute sinusitis, but no systemic symptoms, long duration, can be a headache, there will be no headache. See in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft nasal examination purulent secretions, mucosal thickening or polypoid changes of the middle turbinate and nasal passages, sinus X-ray film of great help in the diagnosis. Intranasal drops vasoconstrictor favor the of ventilation and Nongti drainage of the sinus, and also in conjunction with oral medicine. Multiple sinusitis can be used for the female pressure replacement therapy for maxillary sinus puncture purulent maxillary sinusitis. Nasal polyps, middle turbinate hypertrophy, deviated nasal septum, adenoidal hypertrophy mechanical obstruction factors, hinder ventilation and drainage of the sinuses, so difficult to cure inflammation, surgical therapy can be used, such as nasal polyp excision, nasal A resection surgery, nasal surgery, adenoid resection. Difficult to cure chronic sinusitis sinus surgery therapy available.
Sinusitis - hazardSinusitis Sinusitis great harm to the body. It can cause of headache, Touyunnaozhang, insomnia, forgetfulness, upset, easy to get angry, gradual decline in student achievement, drowsiness, apathy, lack of concentration. It can also become a lesion affecting the surrounding tissue inflammation, especially the eye, such as the center of retinitis. Patients with long-term low-grade fever, multi diagnosis and treatment is not effective, after the ENT consultation diagnosed with chronic maxillary sinusitis, were recovered.
Sinusitis relatively large impact on people's daily lives, sinuses like respiratory guards, once a problem will affect the function of the lungs, trachea and lower respiratory tract, but also affect the surrounding tissue, such as the brain, eyes, etc. if the condition is serious, and can also cause complications endanger the lives and safety of people, and the incidence is relatively high, especially large proportion of young people, affect learning and work, should be treated early.
Without formal treatment of acute sinusitis often into chronic sinusitis, acute sinusitis can also outward diffusion caused by otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and sometimes cause rare orbital infection. Chronic sinusitis patients often flow purulent nasal discharge, headache, memory loss, causing much inconvenience to the life, work and influence. Pus to spread around, can lead to infection of the surrounding tissue, and even can cause serious consequences such as blindness, meningitis, brain abscess.
Sinusitis If you do not do the processing or processing improper easy concurrent otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, maxillary osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis, meningitis, optic neuritis with severe complications.
Sinusitis is one of the main symptoms of headache. Sinusitis caused headaches multi-attack during the day, headaches location and time of relatively stable, law, early showed diffuse headache, late often with the onset of sinus pain and confined to certain parts. Sinusitis caused headaches often accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, olfactory disorders, stoop, bow, turn the body headache obvious change. Patients suffering from sinusitis, especially in patients with acute sinusitis, headache than significant. Because the sinusitis headache caused by the pain caused to the patient is huge, often accompanied by nausea, irritability, mood swings, and other symptoms, persistent or intermittent headaches seriously affect the patient's work and the quality of life.
Sinusitis - diagnosis to identify1. Typical symptomsThe main symptoms: nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge;Secondary symptoms: head and facial puffiness and oppressive, smell change.2 signs1) local swelling, tenderness: acute sinusitis lesions close to the skull surface, skin and soft tissue lesion may occur redness, inflammation spread to the periosteum, sinus corresponding parts of the surface projection tenderness. After the group of acute sinusitis due to the deeper position, no swelling or tenderness on the surface.2) nasal examination: nasal mucosal congestion and swelling, especially in the middle turbinate in the nasal passages and the olfactory cleft, etc. is obvious. The former group sinusitis can be seen in the nasal passages empyema, sinusitis Visible the olfactory cleft empyema, or pus from the top of the stream to choanal latter group.3. Laboratory examinations1) nasal endoscopy: nasal visible pus, nasal mucosal congestion and edema.2) postural drainage: If suspected sinusitis, nasal passages did not check to see pus feasible postural drainage test to help diagnose.3) X-ray sinus radiography: diagnostic X-line the nose the chin-bit and the nasofrontal bit radiography helps, acute sinusitis sinus mucosal swelling, sinus opacity, transmittance weakened, sometimes visible liquid level. Due to the skull overlap observe ineffective.4) sinus CT: visible the paranasal sinuses fluid plane or soft tissue density. CT because of its high resolution observation of the lesions are more detailed and comprehensive, it is a good indicator for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis.5) sinus MRI: visible the sinuses within long T2 signal, can identify with sinus soft tissue phase.4. Disease identificationMain cause headaches differentiated from other diseases, such as migraine, intracranial tumors; stuffy to be differentiated sinonasal tumors, nasal refurbishment papilloma, nasal squamous cell carcinoma, pathological diagnosis is clear.
To sinusitis - disease treatment
Systemic therapy: sufficient quantities of antibiotics to control infection, mostly bacterial infections, as the drug of choice to penicillins, cephalosporins, medication stressed choose sensitive antibiotics, sufficient amount of use of the full course of treatment. Headache or severe local pain, it may be appropriate to use sedatives or analgesics. General therapy and acute rhinitis. The TCM treatment mainly scattered wind heat, aromatic Tongqiao, supplemented detoxification Quyu.
2. Improve sinus drainage: commonly used drugs intranasally with 1% ephedrine, shrink nasal improve drainage. Acute sinusitis by postural change sinuses and improve the ventilation, drainage and relieve headaches.
Maxillary sinus puncture surgery: acute maxillary Douyan Yi systemic symptoms subsided into effect after local acute inflammation control. After washing injection antimicrobial solution, 1-2 times a week.
4. Sinus replacement therapy: use of sinusitis in children.
5. Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and dental treatment.
Mucus chelating agent can use improve secretions traits and easy to discharge.
Can be applied nasal topical steroid or systemic corticosteroids to improve the state of local inflammation, enhance drainage.
Surgery: acute sinusitis in drug control are not satisfied or complications of endoscopic sinus surgery can be used, by endoscopic guidance directly to lesions, open sinuses mouth, remove the lesion, and improve local drainage, and thus restore sinus normal physiological function.
9. Surgical treatment1) The intranasal endoscopic sinus surgery: is now the preferred method. Endoscopic sinus photopic completely clear the sinus lesions, fully open the sinus ostium and improve sinus drainage, and sparing normal tissue as much as possible, as far as possible to retain the functionality of minimally invasive surgery.2) other surgical: maxillary sinus nasal fenestration, radical maxillary surgery, intranasal ethmoidectomy, nasal ethmoidectomy, frontal drilling surgery incision, frontal, sphenoid cut The surgery (sphenoidotomy).For patients with a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, recommended treatment program should be: the first drug treatment (including local and systemic), in the case of drug therapy sinus CT scan, the image changes and indications for surgery, endoscopic sinus surgery.
he sinusitis - Clinical performanceSinusitis patients suffering from sinusitis, the following symptoms occur:1. Sinusitis often secondary to the flu or acute rhinitis, when aggravated existing symptoms, chills, fever, loss of appetite, constipation, aches and discomfort. Can occur in children, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing and other symptoms.2. Multi - side persistence can occur even with bilateral persistent nasal obstruction can occur.3. Increased in patients with purulent nasal and difficult to blow the best, such as backward into the pharynx and lower respiratory tract, stimulate the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa, causing hair the library, cough and expectoration, and even nausea.4. Forehead pain, early morning light, weighing afternoon. May also have cheek pain or above molar pain, many maxillary sinusitis.5. Pain, the morning sense forehead Ministry gradually Zhejiang heavier in the afternoon to reduce disappear all night, this may be frontal sinusitis.6. Mild headache confined to the inner canthus or nasion Ministry, may also radiate to the top of the head, buggy ethmoid sinusitis cause.7. Eye depths of pain that may radiate to the head at the top, and also the concept of morning light and heavy afternoon occipital headache, Tat may sphenoiditis8. Chronic sinusitis and nasal congestion, runny nose, headache and other symptoms, have the following characteristics:(1) mild headache, general the mostly Mentong, dull.(2) hyposmia or disappear.(3) rest, intranasal drug, relieve headaches after steam inhalation or nasal ventilation drainage.(4) cough, bow, bend over, and exertion headache heavier.(5) smoking, alcohol consumption, headache emotional dissecting weight.
9. Sinusitis is a common disease, sinusitis If you do not do the processing or handling improperly complicated by otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, maxillary osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis, meningitis, optic neuritis, severe complications.
Sinusitis is a non-specific inflammation of the sinus mucosa as a Rhinology common illnesses. Sinusitis is a common disease, can be divided into acute and chronic types, acute purulent sinusitis mostly secondary to acute rhinitis, nasal obstruction, and more purulent nasal discharge, headache as the main feature; often secondary to chronic purulent sinusitis acute purulent sinusitis multi Nongti mainly, stuffy nose, headache and smell disorders may be associated with varying severity. Usually pay attention to exercise, work and rest, modest clothing, and more than a breath of fresh air to avoid a dry nose, not easily drop by intranasal administration. Timely diagnosis and treatment of nasal lesions adjacent focal infection requiring treatment.
One or more sinus inflammation known as sinusitis, sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinus mucosa. Involving the sinuses include: maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinus, which is a higher prevalence in the population disease that affects the quality of life of the patients. Sinusitis can be divided into two kinds of acute and chronic sinusitis. Sinusitis can be single and also multiple. The most common causes of nasal sinus purulent inflammation secondary to infection. In addition, allergy, mechanical obstruction and air pressure change, etc. easily induced sinusitis, dental infections can cause odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.
Sinusitis can be divided into two kinds of acute and chronic sinusitis. Acute sinusitis <12 weeks duration, mainly sustained heavier upper respiratory infection symptoms, including nasal blockage, purulent nasal discharge, headache. Chronic sinusitis duration> 12 weeks. In addition, the swimming, the sewage into the sinuses, the spread of infection to neighboring organs nasal tumors obstruct sinus drainage, as well as the trauma can be caused by sinusitis.
Sinusitis - PathogenesisSinusitis Sinusitis etiology: mechanical blockage some diseases of the nasal cavity, such as a deviated nasal septum, middle turbinate hypertrophy, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis, nasal foreign bodies or nasal tumor directly plug the sinus openings caused by sinusitis.
Sinusitis etiology, allergic reactions: allergic rhinitis or other allergic diseases, turbinate the mucosal height edema, edema of the mucosa can cause sinus ostium congestion caused by sinusitis. Sinus mucosal allergic changes, this inflammation is easier to secondary bacterial infection.
Sinusitis etiology, infection: mainly occurs after a cold, not treated in a timely manner, or not thoroughly inflammation from the nasal sinuses and surrounding tissue and spread to the cause. Cold, such as repeated unhealed, and the emergence of a persistent runny nose, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, coughing, headaches, snoring and other circumstances, about a week into acute sinusitis.
Sinusitis - pathophysiologicalEarly the acute catarrhal period, mucosal brief anemia, followed by vasodilation, increased permeability, mucous membrane irritation, epithelial swelling, bradykinesia ciliated epithelial lower polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, secretions of serous or mucinous. Into purulent period after aggravating sinus mucosal edema and blood vessels to dilate, more obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, secretion becomes mucopurulent more time passes, the more severe hyperemia, capillary bleeding, due to edema oppression, lack of blood supply, ciliated epithelial cell necrosis, this time secretions can occur as a yellow pus. The small number of cases the sinus wall osteitis, osteomyelitis and other complications can occur, is generally more common in young children.
Sinusitis - pathogenesisThe sinus of the gas-filled cavity in the skull, these cavities coated mucosa. Sinusitis represents the cavity mucous membrane swelling and inflammation. The most common causes of nasal sinus purulent inflammation secondary to infection. In addition, allergy, mechanical obstruction and air pressure change, etc. easily induced sinusitis, dental infections can cause odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.Sinusitis suffer from factors including the patient's physical, environmental factors, bacteria virulence with genetic traits in patients with sinonasal anatomical structure abnormalities, allergic factors is also one of the important reasons. In a variety of sinusitis, maxillary sinusitis, the most common, followed by the ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinus inflammation. The highest incidence of maxillary sinus due to the larger sinuses, sinus floor lower, while higher ostium, easy empyema, and living in the sinus below easily elsewhere inflammation infection, so the maxillary sinusitis. Severe sinusitis can be associated with the corresponding osteomyelitis or orbital and intracranial infection complications, severe cases can even be fatal. Sinusitis can be single and also multiple.
Sinusitis - pathology classificationSinusitis Acute sinusitis often after a cold nose blockage, increased purulent nasal discharge, hyposmia and headache. Headache parts in the former group sinuses (maxillary, frontal, anterior ethmoid) inflammation the forehead; inflammation of the group after sinus (posterior ethmoid and sphenoid) for the top of the head or occipital headache. The different sinus inflammation headache performance different example, the frontal sinus inflammation multi morning not long ago frontal headache, and gradually increased, and the afternoon alleviate. Acute sinusitis patients may be associated with symptoms of fever and general malaise. Visible nose or nasal endoscopy nasal congestion and swelling, purulent secretions in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft the respective sinus area tenderness, help diagnose sinus X-ray film. Systemic antibiotics and sulfa treatment, intranasal vasoconstrictors, physical therapy, and Chinese medicine treatment has some effect. Maxillary sinus empyema can be used for maxillary sinus puncture, to flush out the pus and injection of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Chronic sinusitis and nasal symptoms like acute sinusitis, but no systemic symptoms, longer duration, can be a headache, there will be no headache. See in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft nasal examination purulent secretions, mucosal thickening or polypoid changes of the middle turbinate and nasal passages, sinus X-ray film of great help in the diagnosis. Intranasal drops vasoconstrictor favor the of ventilation and Nongti drainage of the sinus, and also in conjunction with oral medicine. Multiple sinusitis can be used for the female pressure replacement therapy for maxillary sinus puncture purulent maxillary sinusitis. Nasal polyps, middle turbinate hypertrophy, deviated nasal septum, adenoidal hypertrophy mechanical obstruction factors, hinder ventilation and drainage of the sinuses, so difficult to cure inflammation, surgical therapy can be used, such as nasal polyp excision, nasal A resection surgery, nasal surgery, adenoid resection. Difficult to cure chronic sinusitis sinus surgery therapy available.
Lung by wind-heat type: card, see the operator plugs, the sticky snot yellow or white, the amount, fever, chills, headache, sore adverse reddish tongue, thin white fur or yellowish, floating pulse.The gall House swelter type: card, see the stuffy nose, snot-yellow cloud viscous samples such as pus, odor, smell, headache, and affected area severe pain and fever, mouth and throat pain, irritability, red tongue, yellow moss, pulse a few strings.Spleen by damp-heat: Certificate see snot yellow while the amount of stuffy nose heavy and sustained, olfactory difference and see the fever, head weight, such as wrap, body tired limbs heavy, chest tightness, abdominal distension, appetite appetite, yellow urine, red tongue, thick yellow greasy moss pulse number or slip number.Lung spleen deficiency type: card, see really plugs heavier, snot sticky white or yellow thick amount, smell, dizziness, Touzhang, short of breath, fatigue, cough and sputum white, eat less bloating, loose stools, pale tongue, white coating weak pulse.Stagnant Heat each node type: card, see the stench nasal congestion, runny turbid nasal discharge, the amount of multi-color yellow, and does not smell grow on trees, with headache, dry mouth, and do not want to drink, greasy yellow tongue coating, slippery pulse number.
Sinusitis - complicationsSinusitis Sinusitis pathogenesis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in the brain following living in the throat and mouth above, is located in between the two eyes of their mutual neighbor relationship. Nasal and sinus disease often spread to nearby tissue, which will cause a variety of complications. Extend the brain, can cause serious death throat orbital penetration, can also cause various diseases, especially for children, complications will affect the physical and mental development. Rhinitis, sinusitis cause complications in a variety of ways:
(1) direct infection: the nose and the mouth, throat, and lower respiratory tract and the digestive tract is directly connected, rhinitis, sinusitis secretions down drainage, directly stimulate these organizations, cause a variety of diseases.
(2) destruction of bone wall infection: sinusitis disease destruction sinus bone wall, inflammation often thus extended to other organizations, because sinuses different positions, it is also different cause complications, such as frontal sinusitis caused by orbital or intracranial complications; ethmoid sinusitis destroy the top wall of the invasive front fossa, through the side wall occurred orbital complications. Sphenoid sinusitis destroy the base of the skull can cause different complications within the brain can also cause retrobulbar neuritis. Maxillary sinusitis can cause complications such as orbital infection and the alveolar thin tube.
③ blood line infections: nasal cavity and sinuses have a rich vascular network, and orbital and intracranial complex, rhinitis and sinusitis bacteria and toxins, and damages the formation of blood clots intimal emboli with hematogenous spread other organs, causing complications.
The ④ via lymphatics infection: nasal or sinus lymphatic direct inflammatory substances spread to other organs or tissues incidence.
⑤ by the anatomical Channel: sinus bone wall many normal channels such as the ethmoid bone on the wall with many small holes, said sieve, mainly the channels leading to intracranial olfactory nerve fibers, the inflammation can be passed from sieve intracranial incidence . In addition, many blood vessels of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses directly with orbital and intracranial interlinked, the inflammation can cause complications along the vascular channels.
⑥ sinuses on the wall close to the eyes, when the the sinusitis onset, often cause serious complications of pharynx common orbital apex syndrome, retrobulbar optic neuritis.
⑦ sinus trauma: fracture caused by a fracture, penetrating injury or surgery damage due to bone wall, tissue destruction, and the incidence of invasive infections easy.
The sinusitis - Children sinusitisSinusitis sinusitis in children is the pediatric common, but not typical symptoms of sinusitis in children, the children can not accurately express the disease, as well as inexperienced clinicians, and its diagnostic rate lower than the actual incidence.
First manifested as headache or dizziness, sinus unique anatomical characteristics due to the children, so that part of sinusitis in children even always only headache symptoms atypical of nasal congestion, runny nose, ear fullness. Some children because of their age, will not be an accurate account of the above symptoms, often delay the correct diagnosis and treatment. Parents headache confined to one side, and the continued progress of the children, regardless of the presence or absence of obvious symptoms of Otolaryngology, ENT shall be to conduct detailed inspections, especially intranasal microscopy.
Sinusitis - chronic sinusitis disease IntroductionChronic sinusitis (chornic sinusitis) for chronic suppurative inflammation of the sinuses. More common than acute, often multiple sinus involvement.
Classification of Diseases
A simple chronic sinusitis
1: single sinusitis;
2: multiple sinusitis;
3: the whole group sinusitis.
2, chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps
1: single sinusitis associated with a single nasal polyps;
2: multiple sinusitis associated with multiple nasal polyps;
3: full set of sinusitis associated with multiple nasal polyps.
3, of multiple sinusitis or group of sinusitis associated with multiple, recurrent nasal polyps and / or ethmoid hyperostosis
Pathological classification
Acute sinusitisOften occur after a cold and nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge increased, hyposmia and headache. Headache parts in the former group sinuses (maxillary, frontal, anterior ethmoid) inflammation the forehead; inflammation of the group after sinus (posterior ethmoid and sphenoid) for the top of the head or occipital headache. The different sinus inflammation headache performance different example, the frontal sinus inflammation multi morning not long ago frontal headache, and gradually increased, and the afternoon alleviate. Acute sinusitis patients may be associated with symptoms of fever and general malaise. Visible nose or nasal endoscopy nasal congestion and swelling, purulent secretions in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft the respective sinus area tenderness, help diagnose sinus X-ray film. Systemic antibiotics and sulfa treatment, intranasal vasoconstrictors, physical therapy, and Chinese medicine treatment has some effect. Maxillary sinus empyema can be used for maxillary sinus puncture, to flush out the pus and injection of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Chronic sinusitis
Nasal symptoms like acute sinusitis, but no systemic symptoms, long duration, can be a headache, there will be no headache. See in the nasal passages or the olfactory cleft nasal examination purulent secretions, mucosal thickening or polypoid changes of the middle turbinate and nasal passages, sinus X-ray film of great help in the diagnosis. Intranasal drops vasoconstrictor favor the of ventilation and Nongti drainage of the sinus, and also in conjunction with oral medicine. Multiple sinusitis can be used for the female pressure replacement therapy for maxillary sinus puncture purulent maxillary sinusitis. Nasal polyps, middle turbinate hypertrophy, deviated nasal septum, adenoidal hypertrophy mechanical obstruction factors, hinder ventilation and drainage of the sinuses, so difficult to cure inflammation, surgical therapy can be used, such as nasal polyp excision, nasal A resection surgery, nasal surgery, adenoid resection. Difficult to cure chronic sinusitis sinus surgery therapy available.
Sinusitis - hazardSinusitis Sinusitis great harm to the body. It can cause of headache, Touyunnaozhang, insomnia, forgetfulness, upset, easy to get angry, gradual decline in student achievement, drowsiness, apathy, lack of concentration. It can also become a lesion affecting the surrounding tissue inflammation, especially the eye, such as the center of retinitis. Patients with long-term low-grade fever, multi diagnosis and treatment is not effective, after the ENT consultation diagnosed with chronic maxillary sinusitis, were recovered.
Sinusitis relatively large impact on people's daily lives, sinuses like respiratory guards, once a problem will affect the function of the lungs, trachea and lower respiratory tract, but also affect the surrounding tissue, such as the brain, eyes, etc. if the condition is serious, and can also cause complications endanger the lives and safety of people, and the incidence is relatively high, especially large proportion of young people, affect learning and work, should be treated early.
Without formal treatment of acute sinusitis often into chronic sinusitis, acute sinusitis can also outward diffusion caused by otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and sometimes cause rare orbital infection. Chronic sinusitis patients often flow purulent nasal discharge, headache, memory loss, causing much inconvenience to the life, work and influence. Pus to spread around, can lead to infection of the surrounding tissue, and even can cause serious consequences such as blindness, meningitis, brain abscess.
Sinusitis If you do not do the processing or processing improper easy concurrent otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, maxillary osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis, meningitis, optic neuritis with severe complications.
Sinusitis is one of the main symptoms of headache. Sinusitis caused headaches multi-attack during the day, headaches location and time of relatively stable, law, early showed diffuse headache, late often with the onset of sinus pain and confined to certain parts. Sinusitis caused headaches often accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, olfactory disorders, stoop, bow, turn the body headache obvious change. Patients suffering from sinusitis, especially in patients with acute sinusitis, headache than significant. Because the sinusitis headache caused by the pain caused to the patient is huge, often accompanied by nausea, irritability, mood swings, and other symptoms, persistent or intermittent headaches seriously affect the patient's work and the quality of life.
Sinusitis - diagnosis to identify1. Typical symptomsThe main symptoms: nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge;Secondary symptoms: head and facial puffiness and oppressive, smell change.2 signs1) local swelling, tenderness: acute sinusitis lesions close to the skull surface, skin and soft tissue lesion may occur redness, inflammation spread to the periosteum, sinus corresponding parts of the surface projection tenderness. After the group of acute sinusitis due to the deeper position, no swelling or tenderness on the surface.2) nasal examination: nasal mucosal congestion and swelling, especially in the middle turbinate in the nasal passages and the olfactory cleft, etc. is obvious. The former group sinusitis can be seen in the nasal passages empyema, sinusitis Visible the olfactory cleft empyema, or pus from the top of the stream to choanal latter group.3. Laboratory examinations1) nasal endoscopy: nasal visible pus, nasal mucosal congestion and edema.2) postural drainage: If suspected sinusitis, nasal passages did not check to see pus feasible postural drainage test to help diagnose.3) X-ray sinus radiography: diagnostic X-line the nose the chin-bit and the nasofrontal bit radiography helps, acute sinusitis sinus mucosal swelling, sinus opacity, transmittance weakened, sometimes visible liquid level. Due to the skull overlap observe ineffective.4) sinus CT: visible the paranasal sinuses fluid plane or soft tissue density. CT because of its high resolution observation of the lesions are more detailed and comprehensive, it is a good indicator for the diagnosis of acute sinusitis.5) sinus MRI: visible the sinuses within long T2 signal, can identify with sinus soft tissue phase.4. Disease identificationMain cause headaches differentiated from other diseases, such as migraine, intracranial tumors; stuffy to be differentiated sinonasal tumors, nasal refurbishment papilloma, nasal squamous cell carcinoma, pathological diagnosis is clear.
To sinusitis - disease treatment
Systemic therapy: sufficient quantities of antibiotics to control infection, mostly bacterial infections, as the drug of choice to penicillins, cephalosporins, medication stressed choose sensitive antibiotics, sufficient amount of use of the full course of treatment. Headache or severe local pain, it may be appropriate to use sedatives or analgesics. General therapy and acute rhinitis. The TCM treatment mainly scattered wind heat, aromatic Tongqiao, supplemented detoxification Quyu.
2. Improve sinus drainage: commonly used drugs intranasally with 1% ephedrine, shrink nasal improve drainage. Acute sinusitis by postural change sinuses and improve the ventilation, drainage and relieve headaches.
Maxillary sinus puncture surgery: acute maxillary Douyan Yi systemic symptoms subsided into effect after local acute inflammation control. After washing injection antimicrobial solution, 1-2 times a week.
4. Sinus replacement therapy: use of sinusitis in children.
5. Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and dental treatment.
Mucus chelating agent can use improve secretions traits and easy to discharge.
Can be applied nasal topical steroid or systemic corticosteroids to improve the state of local inflammation, enhance drainage.
Surgery: acute sinusitis in drug control are not satisfied or complications of endoscopic sinus surgery can be used, by endoscopic guidance directly to lesions, open sinuses mouth, remove the lesion, and improve local drainage, and thus restore sinus normal physiological function.
9. Surgical treatment1) The intranasal endoscopic sinus surgery: is now the preferred method. Endoscopic sinus photopic completely clear the sinus lesions, fully open the sinus ostium and improve sinus drainage, and sparing normal tissue as much as possible, as far as possible to retain the functionality of minimally invasive surgery.2) other surgical: maxillary sinus nasal fenestration, radical maxillary surgery, intranasal ethmoidectomy, nasal ethmoidectomy, frontal drilling surgery incision, frontal, sphenoid cut The surgery (sphenoidotomy).For patients with a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, recommended treatment program should be: the first drug treatment (including local and systemic), in the case of drug therapy sinus CT scan, the image changes and indications for surgery, endoscopic sinus surgery.
he sinusitis - Clinical performanceSinusitis patients suffering from sinusitis, the following symptoms occur:1. Sinusitis often secondary to the flu or acute rhinitis, when aggravated existing symptoms, chills, fever, loss of appetite, constipation, aches and discomfort. Can occur in children, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing and other symptoms.2. Multi - side persistence can occur even with bilateral persistent nasal obstruction can occur.3. Increased in patients with purulent nasal and difficult to blow the best, such as backward into the pharynx and lower respiratory tract, stimulate the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa, causing hair the library, cough and expectoration, and even nausea.4. Forehead pain, early morning light, weighing afternoon. May also have cheek pain or above molar pain, many maxillary sinusitis.5. Pain, the morning sense forehead Ministry gradually Zhejiang heavier in the afternoon to reduce disappear all night, this may be frontal sinusitis.6. Mild headache confined to the inner canthus or nasion Ministry, may also radiate to the top of the head, buggy ethmoid sinusitis cause.7. Eye depths of pain that may radiate to the head at the top, and also the concept of morning light and heavy afternoon occipital headache, Tat may sphenoiditis8. Chronic sinusitis and nasal congestion, runny nose, headache and other symptoms, have the following characteristics:(1) mild headache, general the mostly Mentong, dull.(2) hyposmia or disappear.(3) rest, intranasal drug, relieve headaches after steam inhalation or nasal ventilation drainage.(4) cough, bow, bend over, and exertion headache heavier.(5) smoking, alcohol consumption, headache emotional dissecting weight.
9. Sinusitis is a common disease, sinusitis If you do not do the processing or handling improperly complicated by otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, maxillary osteomyelitis, orbital cellulitis, meningitis, optic neuritis, severe complications.
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis-What is pneumoconiosis?
Long-term inhalation of dust pneumoconiosis due to fibrous lesions of the lung tissue-based disease. Others think that pneumoconiosis is the accumulation of dust in the lungs and cause tissue coal workers' pneumoconiosis reaction. Former defines only the reaction of the dust caused lung tissue fibers included in the severity of pneumoconiosis, comply with this condition of limited types of pneumoconiosis, a greater impact on the patient's health. Then a definition of lung reaction is not limited to the organization of fibrous lesions, the broader the definition of epitaxy. China and most countries of the world as a statutory occupational pneumoconiosis, using the former definition.Pneumoconiosis - etiologyPneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis to an occupational disease in many countries, particularly in developing countries, especially. The may occur pneumoconiosis trades the mine excavation work, the pneumatic drill workers, mining workers, demolition workers pillars workers, porters, etc.; refractories, glass, ceramics, building materials and industrial crushing workers, the sifter workers, with powder workers, porters, Packers; workers exposed to various kinds of dust in other production processes.
The cause of pneumoconiosis respirable dust cause pneumoconiosis, but inhalation of such dust does not necessarily lead to the occurrence of pneumoconiosis. Human respiratory organ itself have a strong defense dust entering and deposition in vivo function, and respirable dust in the air. First passes through the nose hair grille blocking filter, which in turn influenced by the anatomical structures of the nasopharynx, airflow direction and speed of change in the nasal cavity and pharynx form a vortex by the inertia of the role of dust particles larger than 10μm easy to hit and attached to the upper respiratory tract wall so generally barrier filter 30 to 50% of the dust in the air inhaled. The air flow into the lower respiratory tract, with the trachea, bronchi stepwise branch, the airflow velocity is more slowed, changes in airflow direction, the Settlement of airflow in the dust adhering to the wall of the mucous membranes, the swing of the ciliated cells in the mucus membrane will push the mucus throat excreted with sputum retention of dust in this part of the 2 ~ 10μm size. The the alveoli can enter the dust particles, most less than 2μm, most of the lungs phagocyte transferred to the ciliated cells of the bronchial mucosal surface by covering the alveolar surface layer of surfactant and alveolar relaxation activities, and then was transferred out. The dust particles into the alveoli is only a small part? Cells (phagocytes engulfed dust) into the alveolar septa, and reach the lung and other organizations of the human body through the lymphatic or blood circulation, causing physiological and pathological role. Respirable dust is deposited in the lungs, only occurs in respirable dust excessive, the defense function of the human respiratory organ can not be filtered, adhesion, retention, or the soot deposition in the alveoli can not completely cleared. Thus, good self-Imperial maintain respiratory function significance.
Pneumoconiosis - pathogenesisCan not be cleared of dust into the alveoli, because of its physical and chemical properties and biological role of different, give rise to different tissue reaction. The fiber cell lung tissue reaction summed usually caused by inhalation of dust into change of fibrous and non-fibrous change are two types, the former can form the general dust caused by the dust stoves and dust foci sexual stove, fibroblast foci, fiber stoves, as well as stoves increases, integration, and even the formation of mass-like lesions characterized. A result of such lesions are a lot of fibrous tissue hyperplasia, allows organizations such as lung and capillary damage and scarring, resulting in emphysema or atelectasis, structural deformation of the lung tissue, these changes are generally irreversible. Non-fibrous variable type (or the lung dust PAP) to form scar tissue, not the destruction of the alveolar structure and lung tissue, usually reversible damage. As the dust and more production is mixed, and biological effects of many factors that affect dust, dust caused both lung tissue reaction is not never ran separate.
Pneumoconiosis - CategoriesFast, slow, late onset; pneumoconiosis time can be divided into collagen fibrosis type pathological changes, interstitial fibrosis and nodular, irregular, diffuse clumps type; press the dust source divided into mineral and non-mineral. In China, the pneumoconiosis divided into five categories according to etiology.
Pneumoconiosis - Clinical performanceEarly silicosis are often no symptoms, or only very minor symptoms. At this time often little uncomfortable feeling, just by regular health checks only to find that the presence of early silicosis. However, with the progress of the disease, especially late silicosis you have symptoms or light or heavy. Silicosis is a chronic systemic disease, mainly affects the respiratory system, patients with common first symptom is shortness of breath. Mild, often engaged in heavy manual labor or climb l mountain feel shortness of breath, a little break for a while, you can turn for the better. Then, do some light work, obvious shortness of breath when walking uphill or on stairs. Serious illness or complications, respiratory and circulatory function by significant damage, then even if the rest or inactivity also felt the gas hold even sleep can not lie flat. In addition to the plant, shortness of breath, chest tightness, chest pain, cough, especially in the more common dry cough. Expectoration, hemoptysis, weakness, weight loss, insomnia, loss of appetite and other. Silicosis generally do not generate heat, there will not be a liver and puffiness, if these circumstances, complicated by other diseases.
Pneumoconiosis - pathological changesPneumoconiosis nodules Grossly: the lesions were round, state clearly, dark gray color, a solid sense of touch. Microscopy: or to silicon nodules, i.e. dust lesions having a collagen fiber core; or nodules of mixed dust, i.e. the collagen fibers and the dust interphase heteroaryl, but the collagen fiber component accounted for more than 50% of the lesions; or silicon tuberculosis Results section silicotic nodules or mixed dust nodular tuberculous lesions formed by mixing nodules.
2, pneumoconiosis diffuse fibrosis respiratory bronchioles, alveolar septal around small bronchi and small blood vessels, subpleural area due to dust deposition diffuse proliferation of collagen fibers.3, dust spots Grossly: lesions dark, soft state of confusion, the perifocal accompanied by more than 15 mm in diameter to expand gas chamber (perifocal emphysema). Microscopic examination: lesions in the net woven fibers, collagen fibers and dust and white mixed, collagen fiber content of less than 50%. Lesions and fibrosis lung was Astral Zhixianglian in shape, with perifocal emphysema.Dust massive fibrosis Grossly: lesions of 2 cm x 2 cm x2 cm above the gray-black or black, hard and tough fibrous clumps. Microscopy: or pneumoconiosis nodules fusion to become the large dust collagen fibrosis or becomes promiscuous text organization composed for a variety of pneumoconiosis.
5, dust response refers to the lung, pleura, lung draining lymph nodes dust deposition, macrophage response, slightly fibrous tissue hyperplasia.
Pneumoconiosis - diagnosis standardThe main basis of reliable dust job history and good quality chest X-ray on the character? Pneumoconiosis diagnostic criteria change, and to exclude the possibility of other diseases. Pneumoconiosis diagnosis group authorized by the health authorities at all levels in the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in China. China pneumoconiosis X-ray diagnostic criteria are as follows.China pneumoconiosis X-ray diagnostic criteria (1986)Pneumoconiosis (code O)O: the no pneumoconiosis X-ray manifestations O +: X-ray performance is not serious enough for a diagnosis of "Ⅰ" byA pneumoconiosis (code I)Ⅰ: intensive one class round small shadows, the distribution range of at least two lung region have a diameter not less than 2cm; intensity a small irregular shaped shadow, its distribution The range of not less than two lung area.Ⅰ +: a small shadow increased significantly, but the intensity distribution in one is not serious enough as? Ⅱ "by.Two pneumoconiosis (code II)Ⅱ: intensive round or irregular-shaped shadow in the two classes, the distribution range over four lung area; intensive three small shadow, the distribution range of up to four lung area.Ⅱ +: intensive three small shadow, the distribution range of more than four lung area;, or not serious enough for a large shadow as "Ⅲ" by.Three pneumoconiosis (code-III)Ⅲ: a large shadow appears, and its diameter is not less than 2cm wide diameter not less than 1cm.Ⅲ +: more than the sum of the shadow area of the single or multiple large shadow area of the right upper lung area.The requirements are divided into superior (a) the quality of X-ray photo-liang (b) poor (c), the scrap (d) four, d level can not be used for pneumoconiosis diagnosis.
Pneumoconiosis - treatment principlePneumoconiosis should be promptly removed from dust-exposed, and the need for comprehensive treatment of the condition of patients, positive prevention and treatment of tuberculosis and other complications, in order to alleviate the symptoms, slow disease progression, extend a patient's life, and improving the quality of life in patients with.Pneumoconiosis - treatment methodTo the present (2010), at home and abroad has not an affirmation to be able to cure the effects of drugs of silicosis. However, a large number of Practice has proved that the the early adopt comprehensive measures in a timely manner and method of treatment can prevent or slow down the development of silicosis. The combination of these measures and treatment approaches include:1, has been determined to have silicosis should be immediately removed from the dust-exposed, and arrangements for other work, according to the health and physical possible, reduce labor intensity or shorter working hours.2, reasonable living habits including adequate sleep, proper physical and mental rest and civic life, avoid alcohol and smoking cessation. In addition, it should be based on the physical situation, carry out sports activities as Guangbo Cao, tai chi, qigong, breathing gymnastics, as well as a reasonable nutrition, appropriate to add some protein (milk, eggs, lean meat) and rich in vitamin C (fresh fruits and vegetables) food. These all help to promote health, enhance the body's resistance.3, China has several drugs, such as grams of silicon flat the piperaquine cha, aluminum citrate, animal experiments show that the inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis better results, the use of clinical patients also have some effect, mild toxicity . Under the guidance of a doctor can choose to use, efficacy observed.If you often have symptoms of shortness of breath, cough, expectoration, it should take Zhichuan, cough, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and expectorant drugs to relieve the spasm of the respiratory tract, infection control, accelerated sputum secretions discharged, so conducive to improve the patient's pulmonary function, and reduce other complications.5, active prevention and treatment of complications, such as tuberculosis, bronchial and lung infection.Pneumoconiosis - Occupational contraindications1, severe tracheal and bronchial deformity, resulting in double-lumen endobronchial tube can not be in place by.2, combined with active pulmonary tuberculosis.Subpleural bullae greater than 2 cm in diameter.4, severe emphysema.5, severe lung function is low.6, combined heart, brain, liver, kidney and other major organs of serious illness or dysfunction.7, coagulation dysfunction.8, malignancy, or immune function.Pneumoconiosis - treatment drugsGrams of silicon flat (poly-L-allyl pyridine nitrogen-oxygen compounds, referred to as P204) is a high molecular nitrogen oxides, the mechanism of action macrophages play a protective role in the process of destruction of silica dust, prevent and delay silicosis progress has effect, can be used for treatment and prevention. Usage: weekly 30 mg kg g intramuscularly, or an aqueous solution of 8-10 ml g 4% silicon level. Retreatment daily inhalation, three months for a course after the interval l-2 months 2-4 boils away, two courses a year after retreatment. The little aerosol inhalation side effects of this product. The small number of patients may have had elevated aminotransferases.Tetrandrine Chinese medicine Han Menispermaceae extracted double-benzyl isoquinoline drugs, which enables silicosis within collagen synthesis to reduce daily dose of 200-300 mg. Clinical improvement in patients after treatment improved x-ray. Acute silicosis better effect. The main side effects were anorexia, elevated serum transaminase, such as heart rate.3, other piperazine wow class (piperazine twitter, hydroxyphosphates piperazine cha, etc.), aluminum-agent drugs. The silicosis patients after treatment, subjective symptoms improved in different degrees, and some can slow disease progressionOf pneumoconiosis - susceptible to pneumoconiosis industry and tradesMining: various metal mine mining, tunneling and mining, as well as other metal mines mining of coal mine was to produce pneumoconiosis operating environment, the main job occupations drilling, blasting, pillar, transportation;2, metal smelting ore crushing, screening and transport;Institutions manufacturing cast with sand, modeling, casting sand cleaning, sandblasting, and welding work;4, the building materials industry, such as refractories, glass, cement, aggregates production in the mining, crushing, grinding, screening, spices, etc.; asbestos mining, transport and textiles;5, highway, railway, water conservancy construction in the dug tunnel blasting.Pneumoconiosis - how to prevent1, the process of reform, innovation, production equipment: the main way to eliminate dust hazards.Wet job: wet milling quartz, refractory, wet drilling in mine the underground haulage spray sprinkler.3, airtight, ventilation, dust removal: can not take the place of the wet work the closed ventilation dust approach should be used to prevent dust.4, the health of workers exposed to dust check: do Tuochen job check should include pre-employment and periodic health checks, out of the dust-exposed.5, individual anti jealous: wear a dust protective gear, such as dust-proof helmets, blast helmet, blast masks.Pneumoconiosis - complicationsRespiratory infections mainly lung infection, which is a common complication of pneumoconiosis.2, spontaneous pneumothorax is rare. Rupture of lung tissue and visceral pleura air into the pleural formation pneumothorax points closed pneumothorax the tension pneumothorax traffic pneumothorax three.3, tuberculosis dust-exposed workers, especially silica dust exposed workers than in the general population susceptible to tuberculosis.4, lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma is mainly seen in asbestos-exposed workers and patients with asbestosis.5, chronic pulmonary heart disease seen in some of the terminally ill as chronic bronchitis, airway narrowing and increased airway resistance, to produce the obstructive lung kinds, pulmonary hypertension, may cause chronic pulmonary heart disease.6 of respiratory failure on respiratory and lung infections, pneumothorax incentive occurred decompensated respiratory failure, abuse of sedative and hypnotic drugs also contributed to the pneumoconiosis people breathing sorrow exhaustible one of the reasons.
Long-term inhalation of dust pneumoconiosis due to fibrous lesions of the lung tissue-based disease. Others think that pneumoconiosis is the accumulation of dust in the lungs and cause tissue coal workers' pneumoconiosis reaction. Former defines only the reaction of the dust caused lung tissue fibers included in the severity of pneumoconiosis, comply with this condition of limited types of pneumoconiosis, a greater impact on the patient's health. Then a definition of lung reaction is not limited to the organization of fibrous lesions, the broader the definition of epitaxy. China and most countries of the world as a statutory occupational pneumoconiosis, using the former definition.Pneumoconiosis - etiologyPneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis to an occupational disease in many countries, particularly in developing countries, especially. The may occur pneumoconiosis trades the mine excavation work, the pneumatic drill workers, mining workers, demolition workers pillars workers, porters, etc.; refractories, glass, ceramics, building materials and industrial crushing workers, the sifter workers, with powder workers, porters, Packers; workers exposed to various kinds of dust in other production processes.
The cause of pneumoconiosis respirable dust cause pneumoconiosis, but inhalation of such dust does not necessarily lead to the occurrence of pneumoconiosis. Human respiratory organ itself have a strong defense dust entering and deposition in vivo function, and respirable dust in the air. First passes through the nose hair grille blocking filter, which in turn influenced by the anatomical structures of the nasopharynx, airflow direction and speed of change in the nasal cavity and pharynx form a vortex by the inertia of the role of dust particles larger than 10μm easy to hit and attached to the upper respiratory tract wall so generally barrier filter 30 to 50% of the dust in the air inhaled. The air flow into the lower respiratory tract, with the trachea, bronchi stepwise branch, the airflow velocity is more slowed, changes in airflow direction, the Settlement of airflow in the dust adhering to the wall of the mucous membranes, the swing of the ciliated cells in the mucus membrane will push the mucus throat excreted with sputum retention of dust in this part of the 2 ~ 10μm size. The the alveoli can enter the dust particles, most less than 2μm, most of the lungs phagocyte transferred to the ciliated cells of the bronchial mucosal surface by covering the alveolar surface layer of surfactant and alveolar relaxation activities, and then was transferred out. The dust particles into the alveoli is only a small part? Cells (phagocytes engulfed dust) into the alveolar septa, and reach the lung and other organizations of the human body through the lymphatic or blood circulation, causing physiological and pathological role. Respirable dust is deposited in the lungs, only occurs in respirable dust excessive, the defense function of the human respiratory organ can not be filtered, adhesion, retention, or the soot deposition in the alveoli can not completely cleared. Thus, good self-Imperial maintain respiratory function significance.
Pneumoconiosis - pathogenesisCan not be cleared of dust into the alveoli, because of its physical and chemical properties and biological role of different, give rise to different tissue reaction. The fiber cell lung tissue reaction summed usually caused by inhalation of dust into change of fibrous and non-fibrous change are two types, the former can form the general dust caused by the dust stoves and dust foci sexual stove, fibroblast foci, fiber stoves, as well as stoves increases, integration, and even the formation of mass-like lesions characterized. A result of such lesions are a lot of fibrous tissue hyperplasia, allows organizations such as lung and capillary damage and scarring, resulting in emphysema or atelectasis, structural deformation of the lung tissue, these changes are generally irreversible. Non-fibrous variable type (or the lung dust PAP) to form scar tissue, not the destruction of the alveolar structure and lung tissue, usually reversible damage. As the dust and more production is mixed, and biological effects of many factors that affect dust, dust caused both lung tissue reaction is not never ran separate.
Pneumoconiosis - CategoriesFast, slow, late onset; pneumoconiosis time can be divided into collagen fibrosis type pathological changes, interstitial fibrosis and nodular, irregular, diffuse clumps type; press the dust source divided into mineral and non-mineral. In China, the pneumoconiosis divided into five categories according to etiology.
Pneumoconiosis - Clinical performanceEarly silicosis are often no symptoms, or only very minor symptoms. At this time often little uncomfortable feeling, just by regular health checks only to find that the presence of early silicosis. However, with the progress of the disease, especially late silicosis you have symptoms or light or heavy. Silicosis is a chronic systemic disease, mainly affects the respiratory system, patients with common first symptom is shortness of breath. Mild, often engaged in heavy manual labor or climb l mountain feel shortness of breath, a little break for a while, you can turn for the better. Then, do some light work, obvious shortness of breath when walking uphill or on stairs. Serious illness or complications, respiratory and circulatory function by significant damage, then even if the rest or inactivity also felt the gas hold even sleep can not lie flat. In addition to the plant, shortness of breath, chest tightness, chest pain, cough, especially in the more common dry cough. Expectoration, hemoptysis, weakness, weight loss, insomnia, loss of appetite and other. Silicosis generally do not generate heat, there will not be a liver and puffiness, if these circumstances, complicated by other diseases.
Pneumoconiosis - pathological changesPneumoconiosis nodules Grossly: the lesions were round, state clearly, dark gray color, a solid sense of touch. Microscopy: or to silicon nodules, i.e. dust lesions having a collagen fiber core; or nodules of mixed dust, i.e. the collagen fibers and the dust interphase heteroaryl, but the collagen fiber component accounted for more than 50% of the lesions; or silicon tuberculosis Results section silicotic nodules or mixed dust nodular tuberculous lesions formed by mixing nodules.
2, pneumoconiosis diffuse fibrosis respiratory bronchioles, alveolar septal around small bronchi and small blood vessels, subpleural area due to dust deposition diffuse proliferation of collagen fibers.3, dust spots Grossly: lesions dark, soft state of confusion, the perifocal accompanied by more than 15 mm in diameter to expand gas chamber (perifocal emphysema). Microscopic examination: lesions in the net woven fibers, collagen fibers and dust and white mixed, collagen fiber content of less than 50%. Lesions and fibrosis lung was Astral Zhixianglian in shape, with perifocal emphysema.Dust massive fibrosis Grossly: lesions of 2 cm x 2 cm x2 cm above the gray-black or black, hard and tough fibrous clumps. Microscopy: or pneumoconiosis nodules fusion to become the large dust collagen fibrosis or becomes promiscuous text organization composed for a variety of pneumoconiosis.
5, dust response refers to the lung, pleura, lung draining lymph nodes dust deposition, macrophage response, slightly fibrous tissue hyperplasia.
Pneumoconiosis - diagnosis standardThe main basis of reliable dust job history and good quality chest X-ray on the character? Pneumoconiosis diagnostic criteria change, and to exclude the possibility of other diseases. Pneumoconiosis diagnosis group authorized by the health authorities at all levels in the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in China. China pneumoconiosis X-ray diagnostic criteria are as follows.China pneumoconiosis X-ray diagnostic criteria (1986)Pneumoconiosis (code O)O: the no pneumoconiosis X-ray manifestations O +: X-ray performance is not serious enough for a diagnosis of "Ⅰ" byA pneumoconiosis (code I)Ⅰ: intensive one class round small shadows, the distribution range of at least two lung region have a diameter not less than 2cm; intensity a small irregular shaped shadow, its distribution The range of not less than two lung area.Ⅰ +: a small shadow increased significantly, but the intensity distribution in one is not serious enough as? Ⅱ "by.Two pneumoconiosis (code II)Ⅱ: intensive round or irregular-shaped shadow in the two classes, the distribution range over four lung area; intensive three small shadow, the distribution range of up to four lung area.Ⅱ +: intensive three small shadow, the distribution range of more than four lung area;, or not serious enough for a large shadow as "Ⅲ" by.Three pneumoconiosis (code-III)Ⅲ: a large shadow appears, and its diameter is not less than 2cm wide diameter not less than 1cm.Ⅲ +: more than the sum of the shadow area of the single or multiple large shadow area of the right upper lung area.The requirements are divided into superior (a) the quality of X-ray photo-liang (b) poor (c), the scrap (d) four, d level can not be used for pneumoconiosis diagnosis.
Pneumoconiosis - treatment principlePneumoconiosis should be promptly removed from dust-exposed, and the need for comprehensive treatment of the condition of patients, positive prevention and treatment of tuberculosis and other complications, in order to alleviate the symptoms, slow disease progression, extend a patient's life, and improving the quality of life in patients with.Pneumoconiosis - treatment methodTo the present (2010), at home and abroad has not an affirmation to be able to cure the effects of drugs of silicosis. However, a large number of Practice has proved that the the early adopt comprehensive measures in a timely manner and method of treatment can prevent or slow down the development of silicosis. The combination of these measures and treatment approaches include:1, has been determined to have silicosis should be immediately removed from the dust-exposed, and arrangements for other work, according to the health and physical possible, reduce labor intensity or shorter working hours.2, reasonable living habits including adequate sleep, proper physical and mental rest and civic life, avoid alcohol and smoking cessation. In addition, it should be based on the physical situation, carry out sports activities as Guangbo Cao, tai chi, qigong, breathing gymnastics, as well as a reasonable nutrition, appropriate to add some protein (milk, eggs, lean meat) and rich in vitamin C (fresh fruits and vegetables) food. These all help to promote health, enhance the body's resistance.3, China has several drugs, such as grams of silicon flat the piperaquine cha, aluminum citrate, animal experiments show that the inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis better results, the use of clinical patients also have some effect, mild toxicity . Under the guidance of a doctor can choose to use, efficacy observed.If you often have symptoms of shortness of breath, cough, expectoration, it should take Zhichuan, cough, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and expectorant drugs to relieve the spasm of the respiratory tract, infection control, accelerated sputum secretions discharged, so conducive to improve the patient's pulmonary function, and reduce other complications.5, active prevention and treatment of complications, such as tuberculosis, bronchial and lung infection.Pneumoconiosis - Occupational contraindications1, severe tracheal and bronchial deformity, resulting in double-lumen endobronchial tube can not be in place by.2, combined with active pulmonary tuberculosis.Subpleural bullae greater than 2 cm in diameter.4, severe emphysema.5, severe lung function is low.6, combined heart, brain, liver, kidney and other major organs of serious illness or dysfunction.7, coagulation dysfunction.8, malignancy, or immune function.Pneumoconiosis - treatment drugsGrams of silicon flat (poly-L-allyl pyridine nitrogen-oxygen compounds, referred to as P204) is a high molecular nitrogen oxides, the mechanism of action macrophages play a protective role in the process of destruction of silica dust, prevent and delay silicosis progress has effect, can be used for treatment and prevention. Usage: weekly 30 mg kg g intramuscularly, or an aqueous solution of 8-10 ml g 4% silicon level. Retreatment daily inhalation, three months for a course after the interval l-2 months 2-4 boils away, two courses a year after retreatment. The little aerosol inhalation side effects of this product. The small number of patients may have had elevated aminotransferases.Tetrandrine Chinese medicine Han Menispermaceae extracted double-benzyl isoquinoline drugs, which enables silicosis within collagen synthesis to reduce daily dose of 200-300 mg. Clinical improvement in patients after treatment improved x-ray. Acute silicosis better effect. The main side effects were anorexia, elevated serum transaminase, such as heart rate.3, other piperazine wow class (piperazine twitter, hydroxyphosphates piperazine cha, etc.), aluminum-agent drugs. The silicosis patients after treatment, subjective symptoms improved in different degrees, and some can slow disease progressionOf pneumoconiosis - susceptible to pneumoconiosis industry and tradesMining: various metal mine mining, tunneling and mining, as well as other metal mines mining of coal mine was to produce pneumoconiosis operating environment, the main job occupations drilling, blasting, pillar, transportation;2, metal smelting ore crushing, screening and transport;Institutions manufacturing cast with sand, modeling, casting sand cleaning, sandblasting, and welding work;4, the building materials industry, such as refractories, glass, cement, aggregates production in the mining, crushing, grinding, screening, spices, etc.; asbestos mining, transport and textiles;5, highway, railway, water conservancy construction in the dug tunnel blasting.Pneumoconiosis - how to prevent1, the process of reform, innovation, production equipment: the main way to eliminate dust hazards.Wet job: wet milling quartz, refractory, wet drilling in mine the underground haulage spray sprinkler.3, airtight, ventilation, dust removal: can not take the place of the wet work the closed ventilation dust approach should be used to prevent dust.4, the health of workers exposed to dust check: do Tuochen job check should include pre-employment and periodic health checks, out of the dust-exposed.5, individual anti jealous: wear a dust protective gear, such as dust-proof helmets, blast helmet, blast masks.Pneumoconiosis - complicationsRespiratory infections mainly lung infection, which is a common complication of pneumoconiosis.2, spontaneous pneumothorax is rare. Rupture of lung tissue and visceral pleura air into the pleural formation pneumothorax points closed pneumothorax the tension pneumothorax traffic pneumothorax three.3, tuberculosis dust-exposed workers, especially silica dust exposed workers than in the general population susceptible to tuberculosis.4, lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma is mainly seen in asbestos-exposed workers and patients with asbestosis.5, chronic pulmonary heart disease seen in some of the terminally ill as chronic bronchitis, airway narrowing and increased airway resistance, to produce the obstructive lung kinds, pulmonary hypertension, may cause chronic pulmonary heart disease.6 of respiratory failure on respiratory and lung infections, pneumothorax incentive occurred decompensated respiratory failure, abuse of sedative and hypnotic drugs also contributed to the pneumoconiosis people breathing sorrow exhaustible one of the reasons.
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